→ Athletics safety rules for schools. Safety precautions in athletics lessons. Physical education lessons at school Athletics safety

Athletics safety rules for schools. Safety precautions in athletics lessons. Physical education lessons at school Athletics safety


Athletics lessons are usually held at the school stadium or on the school sports ground, less often in the gym. Factors that contribute to the increase in injuries and morbidity among students may affect classes:

■ negative air temperature;

■ wet ground (floor);

■ strong wind;

■ fallen leaves from trees;

■ falling on slippery ground or hard surfaces;

■ being in the throwing zone while throwing a small ball or grenade;

■ performing running, jumping and throwing exercises without warming up.

Typical injuries

When performing athletics exercises, the following are possible:


  • sprains of the elbow, shoulder, ankle and knee joints;

  • sprains and tears of the biceps and quadriceps muscles of the thigh;

  • inflammation of the periosteum of the tibia;

  • muscle pain;

  • weakening of the arch of the foot.
Sometimes “gravitational shock” occurs - a short-term loss of consciousness as a result of a sharp stop of the exerciser after intense running, when blood circulation slows down and, therefore, the flow of oxygen to the brain decreases.

Safety measures

1. Conduct a quality and comprehensive warm-up. It should include two parts of exercises: general preparatory(slow running 2-3 minutes, a set of general developmental exercises 6-8 minutes) and special preparatory(running and jumping exercises, acceleration).

Carrying out warm-up exercises, it is necessary to adhere to the following methodological rules:

■ consistently work on the main muscle groups (stretching, exercises for the arms and shoulder girdle, exercises for the muscles of the torso and legs, jumping, breathing exercises and relaxation exercises);

■ exercises in their nature and intensity must correspond to the upcoming main activity in the lesson;

■ a general developmental complex should include at least 6-8 exercises of various directions, with each repetition 6-8 times.

Special running exercises are performed to prepare the muscles and ligaments of the musculoskeletal system for intense work. 3-5 exercises at a distance of 30-40 m, 2-3 repetitions are enough.

2. When conducting running classes:

■ inspect and clear the route of foreign objects;

■ run in only one direction;

■ for short distances, run only on your own path;

■ beyond the finish line the track must continue for at least 15 m;

■ do not make a sudden “stopping” stop after running.

3. When conducting long jump classes.

■ the landing site must be level, loose, without foreign objects;

■ during jumps, you should periodically dig up the sand to prevent a hard landing;

■ utility equipment (rakes, shovels) must be located no closer than 1 m from the jumping pit. Place the rake on the ground with the teeth down;

■ the runway must be level, firm and free of potholes, especially at the take-off point;

■ it is necessary to maintain a safe distance when performing live jumps;

■ parallel run-up and jumps on the same pit are possible only if there is a safe distance between the runways.

4. When conducting High jump classes:

■ in the gym, gymnastic mats at the landing site must be laid tightly and evenly;

■ the run-up and take-off areas must be level and dry;

■ in the case of students using a run-up from different sides, greater attention should be paid to regulating the order in which jumps are performed: first, students running on one side (the push-off leg - left) should be allowed to jump, and then on the other (the push-off leg - right);

■ avoid haste in raising the bar to its maximum height;

■ do not use high jump methods in the lesson that are not provided for by the curriculum and competition rules.

4. On throwing lessons:

■ do not carry out counter throwing;

■ strictly establish the order of throwing a projectile (grenade, ball);

■ the command “collect projectiles” is given only after all students have completed throwing;

■ before performing exercises, you must make sure that there is no one in the throwing sector;

■ do not throw without the teacher’s permission;

■ do not leave sports equipment (small balls, grenades) unattended;

■ you cannot stand to the right of the thrower and be in the throwing zone;

■ do not go for throwing equipment without the teacher’s permission;

■ do not pass the projectile to each other by throwing.

To avoid injury to the joint, it is necessary to ensure that during the throw the hand with the projectile (ball, grenade) is carried over the shoulder and not over the side.


  1. Safety in gymnastics lessons
Students performing certain exercises (especially on gymnastic apparatus and vaults) are associated with a certain risk. Failure to comply with safety precautions and awkward movements may result in falls from equipment (crossbar, uneven bars, balance beam, gymnastic ladder, etc.), resulting in injuries.

Typical injuries:

■ abrasions, abrasions and calluses;

■ bruises and sprains of the ligamentous apparatus of the wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee and ankle joints;

■ ruptures of the Achilles tendon and triceps surae muscle;

■ head bruises are possible.

Safety precautions

1. Choose the right places for training and place equipment in the hall, placing them at a sufficient distance from the walls and from each other. You cannot place the equipment so that students perform the exercise facing a bright light. Students should clearly see the projectile and the place of dismount. The equipment must be covered with gymnastic mats, taking into account the landing sites after dismounts and possible breakdowns and falls. It is advisable to lay two layers of mats in landing areas. Lay gymnastic mats like this. so that there are no gaps between them, and the landing occurs in the middle of one of them.

2. When preparing for parallel bars exercises, you first need to check the height of the bars. To do this, support the pole (not the liners) with one hand, and, with the other, unscrew the locking screw, press the latch spring. If you do this together, then one student should hold the poles and change their height, and the other should unscrew and tighten the locking screws. The height of the poles is usually set at both ends simultaneously, and standing under them is prohibited.

3. When installing the crossbar and bars of different heights, special attention must be paid to the vertical position of the racks and the uniform tension of the cables at the bar of the crossbar or at the poles of the bars, so that they do not overlap. When attaching to hooks on the floor (frogs), it is necessary to ensure that the chain link has been previously released and the guy ropes have been tightened securely. To check the correct installation of the projectiles, you need to grab the cables and pull them strongly toward and away from you: the crossbar and bars must be in a strictly vertical and stable position. Before starting the lesson, you should wipe the bar of the crossbar with a dry rag and sand it with fine sandpaper.

4. At least once a school year, it is necessary to carefully inspect suspended equipment (rope, pole, rings) and gymnastic walls. Especially often and carefully you should check the reliability of fastening the projectiles. Ropes, poles, gymnastic walls must be strong and securely attached to the ceiling or wall. Thread breaks and knots are not allowed on ropes. The poles and slats of the gymnastic wall must be smooth and free of cracks and chips.

5. In the preparatory part of the lesson, when performing general developmental exercises, especially with objects, it is necessary to indicate the appropriate distances and intervals so that students do not touch each other, which can lead to bruises. The warm-up should include preparatory exercises of directed influence.

For the preparation of wrist joint rotational movements of the hand are used; jumping and moving on hands while lying down; from a standing position, bent over, fall forward into a lying position.

Preparation ankle joint carried out by rotational movements of the foot; raising on toes with springy swaying, etc.

For the preparation of elbow and shoulder joints perform: rotational and jerking movements; flexion and extension of the arms. It is effective to perform these exercises using gymnastic sticks and weights, such as dumbbells.

Preparation between vertebral joints includes: bending and deep bending; various turns and rotations.

When performing flexibility exercises, it is necessary to take into account the level of physical fitness of the participants, since some exercises (for example, splits) can cause damage to the muscular-ligamentous apparatus.

6. In the main part of the lesson, safety is important. help and insurance. Assistance in gymnastics is facilitating the student’s actions when performing exercises. It helps students develop a correct understanding of the exercise and master the technique of performing it; used when students have insufficient development of muscle strength, coordination abilities, and speed.

The following help options are available:

■ guiding - the actions of the physical education teacher accompany the student throughout the entire exercise or its individual part, phase;

■ fixation - the teacher delays the student at a certain point in the movement;

■ nudging - short-term assistance when moving a student from bottom to top;

■ support - short-term assistance when moving a student from top to bottom;

■ twist - short-term assistance to the student when performing turns;

■ combined assistance - the use of various techniques applied simultaneously and sequentially.

Help, as a rule, is provided at the initial stage of learning a new exercise. As you master the technique of performing the exercise, direct assistance is replaced by insurance, which allows you to solve the problems of psychological preparation of those involved (overcoming fear), as well as avoid injury.

Insurance is the provision of safety when performing exercises, carried out by the physical education teacher or class students. Depending on the complexity of the exercise, one person or several people at the same time belay. You cannot put students who are not prepared for this on insurance.

All those involved should be trained not only in assistance and insurance techniques, but also in self-insurance so that they can independently get out of dangerous situations.

Self-insurance is pre-learned safety techniques used by the practitioner himself to prevent injuries. For example, you can prevent falling from the apparatus by timely stopping the movement, jumping off the apparatus, performing additional movements (bending the arms, legs, torso to slow down the inertial movement), and changing the exercise.

It is very important to learn how to land correctly when falling: when falling backwards you need to sit down, bend over and roll back; when falling forward- roll forward or fall flat while lying down, elastically bending your arms.

The person standing on the belay must choose the right place to provide the belay and, without interfering with the exercise, skillfully use different belay techniques. So, when performing exercises on the uneven bars, you cannot keep your hands above the poles in the path of the student’s movements. On the crossbar, rings and parallel bars of different heights, belay is performed either by standing exactly under the projectile, or by moving slightly as the swing progresses. It is especially necessary to belay students while performing a dismount (the belayer must be located directly near the landing site). When performing vaults on a horse (goat), belay standing directly at the landing site, supporting the student by the hand.


  1. Safety during outdoor games
Outdoor games included in the physical education program for schoolchildren are characterized by a variety of motor actions: running, stopping, turning, jumping, climbing, climbing over, jumping off, moving along a narrow support, etc. Therefore, in physical education lessons when conducting outdoor games, in order to avoid injury, you need to:

1. Strictly follow the rules of the game.

2. Avoid collisions with players, pushes and hits on the arms and legs of players.

3. When falling, regroup.

4. Listen carefully and follow all commands (signals) of the leader.

5. Start the game, make stops in the game and end the game only at the command (signal) of the teacher.


  1. Safety in the classroom for sports games
Basketball

It is characterized by a variety of motor actions on a small-sized sports field, continuous changes in situations and direct contact with the enemy.

Causes of injuries during basketball lessons can be:

■ tackles, interceptions and unsuccessful feints;

■ sudden jumps and collisions;

■ falling on a wet, slippery floor (on the playground);

■ undisciplined behavior, for example, one of the students, after completing the exercise, did not put the ball in the designated place and it rolled onto the court, and another student tripped over the ball and twisted his leg.

Typical injuries include damage to the fingers, ankle joint, lateral cruciate ligaments, menisci of the knee joints, and vertebrae of the sacral spine.

1. Basketball lessons must be held on a dry sports field or in a gym with a clean, dry floor.

2. The gym should be ventilated in advance and the playground should be cleared of foreign objects.

3. Participants must wear sportswear and sports shoes (training suit, T-shirts, shorts, sneakers with non-slip soles). The fingernails are cut short. The glasses are additionally secured.

4. Before class, you must remove all jewelry (rings, bracelets, chains, earrings, etc.).

5. During classes, it is necessary to strictly observe discipline and follow the instructions of the physical education teacher (judge, team captain).

6. Take special care when fighting players near walls or near any sports equipment, sometimes located in the hall.

All sharp and protruding parts of the equipment must first be matted or fenced off.

Discipline, a good warm-up, mastery of rational technique, and adherence to the rules of the game are the basis for ensuring safety in basketball lessons.

Volleyball

The motor activity of students in volleyball lessons is carried out using game techniques - moving in various ways (walking, running, jumping), serving, receiving and passing the ball, attacking strikes and blocking, as well as double-sided (educational) games.

Injuries during the game of volleyball can occur when receiving a strongly served ball, falling, jumping and blocking the ball. Inexperience and lack of quick reaction in some and strong hits on the ball in others can cause damage to the hands, face, head and torso.

Typical injuries: dislocations of the phalanges of the fingers, sprains of the ligamentous apparatus of the wrist joint, dislocations in the shoulder joint, bruises of the torso. The consequence of a poor warm-up can be: sprains and tears of the lower leg muscles, Achilles tendon, ankle ligaments; damage to the knee joints.

It is necessary to follow the same rules when playing basketball. During the game, it is recommended to use protective devices (knee pads, elbow pads, etc.).

Football

The motor activity of students in football lessons is characterized by various movements with rapid changes in speed and direction, accelerations, sharp jerks with and without the ball, jumping (fighting for a flying ball), feints, taking the ball from the opponent, hitting the ball. In order to take possession of the ball, the player often has to engage in single combat, pushing the opponent aside with his shoulder or body, resisting with his own actions.

Causes of injuries during football lessons are: trips, feints, jumping and collisions of players, falls on a wet, slippery floor, intentional violations of the rules of the game, roughness in the game.

Typical injuries:

■ sprain of the knee and ankle joints;

■ damage to the meniscus of the knee joint;

■ ruptures and tears of the muscles of the back of the thigh and adductors;

■ concussion;

■ body bruises from a collision or an unsuccessful fall.

The following rules must be observed:

1. Everyone should have the same type of shoes (sneakers or boots).

2. Before class, check the condition of the football field and the stability of the goal.

Football classes are held only on a flat and dry field (no holes, ditches, puddles). The field must be cleared of anything that could cause injury (stones, cans, plastic bottles, wood chips, tree branches, etc.).

3. When performing jumps, as well as collisions and falls, use self-insurance techniques, for example, tucked landings, tucked somersaults, and rolls.

4. During the game, observe game discipline and do not use rough and dangerous techniques.


  1. Safety in ski lessons
The motor activity of students during ski training lessons consists of a variety of ways to move on skis - ski moves, ascents, descents, braking, turns; takes place at low air temperatures.

During skiing you can:

■ frostbite of the face, hands and feet at wind speeds of more than 1.5-2.0 m/s and air temperatures below minus 20°C;

■ injuries due to unreliable fastening of skis to shoes (abrasions on the feet due to improper fitting of ski boots;

■ bruises, fractures as a result of falling while descending from a mountain or jumping from a ski jump.

Typical injuries: bruises, abrasions, sprains of the ligamentous apparatus of the limbs. Most often, injuries occur when students perform tasks that are beyond their strength or when they move too quickly from easy to difficult exercises, for example, descending steep and uneven slopes, turning and braking at high speed, etc.

The cause of injury may be:

■ short warm-up, fatigue;

■ insufficient technical or physical preparedness of the student;

■ failure to maintain a certain distance between students on the ski track;

■ stepping on the heels of the overtaking person’s skis.

A physical education teacher’s mistake in organizing a lesson can lead to injury. So, for example, if the descent and ascent of a slope are carried out in the same place or if the ski slopes of two training groups intersect, collisions and falls of students are possible.

Injury can occur: when driving along narrow forest roads; on icy slopes; on crusty snow; in places where there is little snow, where stumps, stones stick out and bushes grow.

The following rules must be observed:

1. Ski training classes begin and end only at school or at a ski base with mandatory checking of students against the list.

2. Exempt from activities those who complain about their health or feel unwell.

3. Allow only those who have a special sports uniform to participate in classes.

4. Determine and prepare the place for classes in advance: lay out a training circle and training circles, remove foreign objects (branches, stones, etc.) from the ski track, eliminate cliffs and difficult slopes for students.

The teacher must choose the steepness of the slope in accordance with the level of technical preparedness of the students. There should be no protruding stones, roots, stumps, or fallen trees on the slope or hidden under snow. The snow on the slope must be compacted so that the skis do not dig into it. It is better not to conduct classes on icy snow, as falls and injuries are possible. The slope must have a long enough rollout to allow braking, if necessary.

You need to move from gentle slopes to steep ones gradually. When students perform descents, braking, turns, and ascents, the teacher is usually in the middle of the slope, and the group is placed in a line at the top. Students take turns going down the slope, completing the task, and returning up, passing behind the teacher. In this case, there will be no oncoming traffic, collisions and injuries.

When descending, you need to hold the poles with their tips (pins) back. You cannot put them forward: if you lose your balance and fall, there is a danger of bumping into them with your face or body, which can lead to serious injuries.

It is necessary to maintain a certain distance on the ski track and on the slopes. When moving on skis in a group one at a time in a column, you should maintain the following distance from the person in front: at least 3-4 m on flat sections of the ski track and at least 30 m when descending from a slope.

Having descended, the student should not stop abruptly, otherwise the one who descends after him may collide with him. In exceptional cases, when an obstacle appears unexpectedly during a descent and it is not possible to brake normally, it is necessary to brake by deliberately falling to avoid serious injury.

It is necessary to strictly observe the temperature standards at which ski training classes are allowed for one or another age group of students:

1-4th grades - up to minus 12°, 5-9th grades up to minus 16°, 10-11th grades - up to minus 20° in calm weather or light wind.

To prevent situations dangerous to the life and health of schoolchildren from arising during physical education lessons, it is necessary to:

1. Create a good material and technical base.

2. Comply with sanitary and hygienic requirements.

3. Choose the right place to study.

4. Methodologically competently plan and conduct lessons.

5. Warn students about possible injuries due to violation of discipline, failure to follow instructions, or incorrect motor actions.

Physical education in a comprehensive school should be carried out according to a well-known safety formula:

■ always anticipate;

■ avoid if possible;


1. General safety requirements 1. Students must wear sportswear and shoes that do not restrict movement and are appropriate to the topic and conditions of the classes. 2. The student must treat sports with care. inventory and equipment, do not use it for other purposes. 3. During classes, students must comply with the procedure for conducting training sessions and the rules of personal hygiene.








6. Running The student must: 1. During a group start for short distances, run along his own track. 2. While running, look at your path. 3. Return to the start along the outermost path; do not use steps when starting the race. 4. In long-distance running, overtake those running on the right side. 5. Do a warm-up run on the outermost track














13. Throwing The student must: 1. Before throwing, make sure that no one is in the direction of the throw. 2. Release the projectile in a way that prevents failure. 3. When throwing in a group, stand on the left side of the thrower. 4. In wet weather, wipe your hands and equipment dry. 5. After throwing, go for the projectile only with the permission of the teacher, do not throw voluntarily.






16. Safety requirements in emergency situations: 1. The student must: If he or she feels unwell, stop classes and notify the physical education teacher. 2. With the help of the teacher, provide first aid to the injured person, if necessary, take him to the hospital or call an ambulance. 3. If a fire occurs in the gym, immediately stop classes and, under the guidance of the teacher, leave the place of classes through the emergency exit according to the evacuation plan.


17. Safety requirements at the end of classes:. The student must: 1. Under the guidance of the teacher, remove sports equipment to its storage areas. Leave the training venue in an orderly manner. 3. Change clothes in the locker room, take off your tracksuit and sports shoes. 4. Wash your hands with soap



For safety reasons, athletics classes should be conducted in compliance with the following requirements:

Run in the stadium only in a counterclockwise direction;

As a finishing ribbon, use only easily torn fabrics and woolen threads. The use of nylon, nylon fabrics and threads is prohibited;

In a group start for short distances, you should run only in your own lane. The track must extend at least 15 m beyond the finish mark;

To avoid collisions, avoid sudden stops while running;

Do not perform jumps on uneven, loose and slippery ground, do not land on your hands when jumping;

Before throwing, see if there are people in the throwing sector;

Do not throw without the permission of the teacher;

Do not leave throwing equipment unattended;

Do not stand to the right of the thrower (when throwing with your left hand - to the left);

Do not be in the throwing zone;

Do not pick up projectiles for throwing without the teacher’s permission;

Do not throw projectiles to each other;

It is prohibited to practice incompatible sports at the same time (for example, football and throwing, football and running).

What is the difference between a person’s speed and strength qualities, and what exercises can be used to develop them?

Typically, there are five types of physical qualities: speed, strength, endurance, flexibility and agility. In the process of biological maturation of the human body, periods of particularly intense qualitative and quantitative changes in its organs and structures are observed, which are called sensitive or critical (most favorable) periods of development. These periods of development of motor function in school-age children occur: in strength at 9-10, 12-13, 14-15 years, and in speed at 9-10, 11-15 years.

To judge the difference between a person’s speed and strength qualities, let’s look at them in more detail.

A person's ability to overcome external resistance or counteract it through muscular effort is called strength. A person's strength capabilities are assessed in two ways. The first method is based on the use of special measuring instruments - dynamometers. The second is to perform special control tasks for strength: pull-ups on the bar, flexion and extension of the arms while lying down, squats with a barbell, etc. To develop strength, you need to correctly select the amount of additional weight (resistance). It is calculated depending on the specific objectives of strength training. First, the maximum power capabilities are determined, and then, in accordance with the specific task, the weight of the additional burden is determined. The values ​​of such weights are expressed as a percentage of the maximum strength indicators of the athletes. Performing exercises with an individually dosed load allows even the weakest exercisers to clearly see real success. At the initial stage of strength training, it is recommended to use the non-limiting weight method. As training increases, the maximum weight method should prevail.

A person's ability to perform movements in a minimally short period of time is called speed.

Speed ​​is manifested through speed abilities, which are expressed in elementary and complex forms. Elementary forms include the speed of motor reaction, the speed of a single movement, the frequency (tempo) of movements. Complex forms appear in all sports movements. This is the speed of running, the movements of a boxer, volleyball player, fencer, football player, etc. In the process of training, it is necessary to develop all forms of manifestation of speed. So, to improve reaction time, you can use outdoor games with a sudden stop, running from various starting positions at a sudden signal. Change the duration of pauses between preliminary and executive commands when performing starts from different starting positions. To maintain a high tempo of movements, the ability to quickly contract and relax muscles is of great importance, for which repeated movements are used with the greatest possible frequency, without excessive tension. To perform these movements technically correctly, you must first learn them well. You can perform exercises that develop speed for no more than 6-10 seconds. Rest after performing the exercises for 20-25 seconds. A large number of repetitions must be divided into series. Rest between series should be 2-3 minutes.

Exercises that combine speed and strength are called speed-strength exercises.

Reveal the features of organizing and conducting individual hardening procedures (tell us how you do it).

Since ancient times, people have been using natural factors for hardening, that is, to increase the body’s resistance to the adverse influences of the external environment. Hardening protects the body from influenza, diseases of the upper respiratory tract, sore throat, pneumonia, etc. The meaning of hardening is that under the influence of the sun, air and water, the body gets used to these influences. The basic principles of hardening are systematicity, gradualism, varying intensity and variety of means.

The effect of sunlight on the body is diverse: metabolism improves, blood pressure decreases, breathing deepens, sweating increases, the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin increases, oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release increases. At the same time, a feeling of vigor appears and performance increases. All this can happen under one mandatory condition - proper use of the sun's rays. Inept and excessive use of solar energy harms the body, leading to serious diseases of the nervous system, internal organs, and skin burns. When sunbathing, you must strictly follow a number of rules. Take sunbathing 2-2.5 hours after eating. At first, the duration of sunbathing should not exceed 5-6 minutes, then it is permissible to add 3-4 minutes every day, bringing the duration of the procedure to 30 minutes. When sunbathing, you need to lie on your back for a certain time, then on one side, on the other, and finally on your stomach. It is strictly prohibited to be exposed to the sun with your head uncovered. At the first signs of illness, expressed in poor health, headache, nausea, palpitations, etc., you should immediately stop exposure to the sun. The most suitable time for sunbathing is 9-12 am in the southern regions of Russia and 10-13 pm in the middle zone.

Air procedures are based on the body’s gradual adaptation to the ambient temperature, humidity and movement (wind). It is recommended to take air baths while on the move, for example, during morning hygienic exercises (at an air temperature of at least 16-18 ° C), during hikes or walks in the forest, in the field. These baths should be carried out 1-1.5 hours after meals. When chills occur, you need to quickly warm up with vigorous movements. When taking baths, it is necessary to protect yourself from direct sunlight. Air hardening should begin in the summer, then continue in the fall and winter, and so on all year round without interruption. If there is excessive sweating caused by high air temperatures, you should stop taking air baths.

Water is an excellent hardening agent that gives quick results. When swimming in the sea, taking a shower, or dousing it, it has a mechanical effect. Water also has the ability to dissolve mineral salts and gases. The hardening effect of water begins with the skin. Through the nervous apparatus embedded in the skin, water influences the entire nervous system, and through it the body as a whole, affecting various processes occurring in cells and tissues.

It is necessary to avoid the onset of chills, as it leads to a feeling of fatigue, general weakness, insomnia, and headaches. A relatively simple form of water hardening is rubbing. Using a sponge or piece of coarse cloth, first wipe your hands, then your neck, chest, stomach, back, legs. The direction of movements when wiping should be from the “periphery” (legs, arms) to the “center” (heart). After wiping, you need to wipe the skin dry with a dry towel until a feeling of warmth appears. The first rubdowns are carried out with slightly lukewarm water, and then the water temperature is gradually lowered to cold. The wiping procedure should take no more than 5-8 minutes. Having prepared your body with rubdowns, you can proceed to the second type of hardening - douches. To do this, you need to stand in a bathtub or basin with water and slowly pour it from the jug first on your back and then on your chest. After this, you need to wipe yourself with a dry towel. After dousing and rubbing, it is recommended to massage. When pouring, the water temperature should be reduced gradually. A shower causes more stimulation than a douche, so it is not recommended to take it immediately after heavy physical activity. The duration of the shower should be 2-3 minutes depending on the water temperature. You should gradually get used to a cold shower. Swimming in lakes, rivers, and seas has a strong hardening effect. The water temperature should be such that a beginner can easily tolerate it. The duration of the first stay in water is up to 5 minutes. In the future, bathing time is gradually increased to 20 minutes. Initially, you should bathe once a day, and if the doctor allows, 2 times with an interval between bathing of at least 4-5 hours.

Physical culture and sports are one of the means of comprehensive personal development, preparing people for work and social activities; harmonious development of the body; preparation for military service.

1. Physical education and sports…………3
2.Medical requirements for
athletics……………..5
3.Safety precautions before
athletics…………….6
4.Safety precautions
class time
4.1 Safety precautions: running…………...7
4.2 Safety precautions: jumping
and sports equipment……………….8
4.3 Safety precautions: throwing…….9
4.4 Safety precautions: swimming…..10
5.Safety precautions when
getting injured………………………....11
6. Safety precautions
end of classes………………………12
7. Conclusion……………………………..13
References………………………...14

The work contains 1 file

    Abstract on the discipline:

    “Physical culture” on the topic:

    Safety precautions during athletics

    Performance assessment:

1. Physical education and sports…………3

    2.Medical requirements for

    athletics……………..5

    3.Safety precautions before

    athletics…………….6

    4.Safety precautions

    class time

    4.1 Safety precautions: running…………...7

    4.2 Safety precautions: jumping

    and sports equipment……………….8

    4.3 Safety precautions: throwing…….9

    4.4 Safety precautions: swimming…..10

    5.Safety precautions when

    getting injured………………………....11

    6. Safety precautions

    end of classes………………………12

    7. Conclusion……………………………..13

    References………………………...14

1.Physical education and sports

Physical culture and sports are one of the means of comprehensive personal development, preparing people for work and social activities; harmonious development of the body; preparation for military service.

Physical culture is a set of material and spiritual values, achievements of society related to the sphere of physical development, education and upbringing. Physical education is a purposeful process of influencing a person through special exercises and hygiene measures using natural factors; its goal is the formation of such knowledge, abilities, skills and motor qualities that contribute to the needs of society and the personal interests of each person.

Sport is one of the forms of physical culture. Features of sports - the desire for higher achievements, systematic training, specialization in certain types of physical exercises. Sport, as well as health-improving physical education, is used as one of the most important factors in the harmonious development of a person, that is, a combination of mental, moral and physical qualities to the extent that provides the opportunity to successfully study, work and be ready to defend the Motherland. Sports activities improve health, promote proper physical development and improve vital motor qualities - agility, strength, speed, coordination, endurance. Sport is a struggle with opponents. But the rules of sports ethics require that this fight be fair. And although deceptive techniques are used in sports - a manifestation of rudeness, causing harm to an opponent is not allowed. On the contrary, the competitor who helps his opponent in a difficult situation and gives the necessary advice is considered worthy of universal respect.

Physical exercise is not only continuous work, physical and volitional effort, and tension. It is also a great pleasure: satisfaction of the need for movement, pleasant fatigue, beauty of the physique, self-confidence, joy of communication. Daily running, gymnastic exercises, various types of jumps, strength exercises, and flexibility exercises are the main types of athletics.

      2.Medical requirements for athletics

Many mistakes are made when practicing athletics. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to follow the general safety rules when playing sports:

  1. Persons who have undergone a medical examination and instructions on labor protection are allowed to participate in athletics.
  2. Hazardous factors:
  • injuries from falling on slippery ground or hard surfaces;
  • injuries when being in the throwing zone during throwing lessons;
  • performing exercises without warming up.
  • When practicing athletics, there must be a first aid kit equipped with the necessary medications and dressings to provide first aid to victims.
  • After finishing athletics, each athlete must shower and wash their hands thoroughly with soap.

        • 3.Safety precautions before athletics

    Before starting training, an athlete who is confident in his abilities, in order to achieve record results, must follow the rules of preparation for competitions and participation in them:

    1. Before the competition, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the stadium, track, sector, equipment, and equipment in advance and in detail. Rehearse your warm-up at the designated place in advance, and walk from here to the start site in the same way as on the day of the competition. Thus, you will insure yourself against being late for registration before the start and from unnecessary anxiety;
    2. After warming up, mark the length of the takeoff run, test the apparatus, make trial attempts and finally prepare for the start;
    3. Warm up in a training suit and sports shoes with non-slip soles. Clothes should be warm, but porous enough to prevent overheating of the body. Shoes should be soft, have little thermal conductivity, fit the foot well, but at the same time be quite spacious.
    4. There should not be long breaks between workouts, that is, light training is better than passive rest.

        4.Safety during classes

        4.1 Safety precautions: running

    When running outdoors, the following safety rules are observed:

    1. The student is obliged to carefully follow the coach’s commands and strictly carry them out;
    2. You can run in a circle only in one direction - counterclockwise;
    3. In a group start for short distances, you need to run only in your own lane. The track must continue for at least 15 meters beyond the finish mark;
    4. To avoid collisions, avoid stopping suddenly.

        4.2 Safety precautions: jumping and sports equipment

    When practicing jumping outdoors and practicing on sports equipment, the following safety rules are observed:

    1. Do not perform jumps on uneven, loose and slippery ground, do not land on your hands when jumping;
    2. When doing long jumps, before you start the run-up, you should make sure that the landing hole is clear;
    3. When jumping high, you must follow the run-up order on the right and left sides;
    4. You can do exercises on apparatus only if there are mats placed;
    5. If you discover a malfunction of the apparatus, you must immediately stop the exercise.

        4.3 Safety precautions: throwing

    During outdoor activities (throwing), the following safety rules are observed:

    1. Before performing throwing exercises, see if there are people in the throwing sector;
    2. Do not throw without the permission of the coach, do not leave sports equipment unattended;
    3. Do not stand to the right of the thrower, do not be in the throwing zone, do not go for equipment without the permission of the coach;
    4. Do not throw the projectile to each other;
    5. Throwing towards each other is strictly prohibited.

        4.4 Safety precautions: swimming

    The following safety rules are observed during swimming lessons:

    1. Classes in indoor swimming pools are conducted in accordance with the rules of operation of these facilities;
    2. When organizing classes on natural bodies of water, it is necessary to correctly select and equip the place for training: find the permitted depth, take into account the speed of the current and the temperature of the water;
    3. During swimming lessons, you need to enter and exit the water only at the command of the coach or with his permission;
    4. It is prohibited to swim outside the training area or create a false alarm;
    5. In an open body of water, all exercises are performed only towards the shore or shallow place.

        5.Safety precautions in case of injury

    1. If you feel unwell, stop training and inform the trainer;
    2. If the injury is severe, apply a cloth moistened with water and then a pressure bandage;
    3. If a joint is bruised, limit its mobility when bandaging;
    4. In case of a closed fracture or suspicion of one, ensure immobility of the limb and immediately send the victim to a doctor;
    5. If you receive an injury, you should immediately provide first aid to the victim, inform the administration of the institution and the victim’s parents about this, and, if necessary, send him to the nearest medical facility.

        6. Safety precautions at the end of classes

    At the end of athletics, the following safety rules are followed:

    1. Place sports equipment in a designated storage area;
    2. Take off your tracksuit and sports shoes;
    3. Take a shower or wash your hands thoroughly with soap.

    7. Conclusion

    Athletics gives health, joy of movement, muscle strength, endurance to the body, fosters hard work, courage and the will to win. Athletics is especially accessible to those who, since childhood, have run, jumped a lot, spent days in the forest, thrown stones on the river bank...

    A modern athlete knows his type of athletics, is well versed in movement techniques and tactics, knows thoroughly how to train and behave in classes and competitions, knows how to assess the state of his body, and much more.

    In addition, sports training does not tolerate dogma. Even the best training system must be applied taking into account individual characteristics, with constant adjustment of the training program according to the changing capabilities of the body.

    The athlete is constantly learning and has extensive knowledge. First of all, he needs to know the general principles of the theory and methods of athletics, which will help him correctly build his training and successfully improve his sportsmanship.

    SAMPLE INSTRUCTIONS

    for students

    on compliance with safety measures in lessons/classes

    in athletics.

    1. General requirements

    1.1. Possible exposure of students to hazardous factors during lessons/practices in athletics:

    • use of faulty sports equipment and equipment;
    • falling on a slippery floor, ground or platform;
    • finding foreign objects on the treadmill and in the jumping sector;
    • being in the throwing zone during throwing lessons.

    1.2. During the physical education lesson/session, follow fire safety rules, know the location of primary fire extinguishing equipment and the evacuation plan.

    1.3. During lessons/practices in athletics, follow the rules of behavior on sports grounds, stadiums and gyms.

    1.4. Follow the order of performing exercises during lessons/athletics classes.

    1.5. In the event of an accident, the victim or eyewitness to the accident is obliged to immediately report the incident to the teacher (teacher, educator), who informs the administration of the institution about it.

    2. Requirements for compliance with safety measures before starting classes.

    2.1. Wear a tracksuit and sports shoes with non-slip soles.

    2.2. Listen carefully to the teacher’s instructions about the order, sequence and safety measures when performing physical exercises.

    3. Requirements for compliance with safety measures during classes.

    3.1. During a group start for short distances, run only in your own lane.

    3.2. To avoid injury, avoid stopping abruptly.

    3.3. Do not perform jumps on uneven, loose or slippery ground, and do not land on your hands when jumping.

    3.4. Do not perform jumps with the jump sector closed.

    3.5. Before performing throwing exercises, see if there are people in the throwing sector.

    3.5. Do not throw without the permission of the teacher, do not leave sports equipment unattended.

    3.6. Do not stand to the right of the thrower, do not go for throwing equipment without the permission of the teacher.

    3.7. Do not throw the projectile to each other.

    3.8. Do not be in the area where jumping, running and throwing activities are taking place.

    3.9. Before throwing in wet weather, wipe the projectiles dry.

    4. Requirements for compliance with safety measures in emergency situations.

    4.1. In the event of emergencies of a natural, man-made or social nature, immediately stop classes and strictly follow the teacher’s commands to evacuate.

    5. Requirements for compliance with safety measures at the end of classes.

    5.1. Report bad health to the teacher at the end of the physical education lesson/session.

    5.2. Place sports equipment in a designated storage area.

    5.3. Maintain discipline in the gym locker room.




     

     
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