→ Report on the topic “Basketball. A game that many consider one of the best in the world - basketball Message on physical education on the topic of basketball

Report on the topic “Basketball. A game that many consider one of the best in the world - basketball Message on physical education on the topic of basketball

Slide 2

Basketball. History of origin. What you need to play basketball. Techniques: 1. main stance; 2. dribbling; 3. throws around the ring; 4. transmission; 5. protection; 6. catching the ball. Major violations of the rules. Express test. Resources used.

Slide 3

The USA, namely Springfield, is considered the birthplace of basketball. At the end of the 19th century, in 1891, James Naismith (1861-1932) accidentally invented a new game. On one of the ordinary January days, he attached two baskets at a height of 3.05 m (by the way, the standard installation height for basketball now) into which it was necessary to throw a soccer ball. Then there were two teams of players - 9 people each. Dribbling the ball, as in the modern version of the game, did not exist; the players stood still and, throwing the ball to each other, tried to get it into the basket. It's funny, but after every successful throw, one of the players climbed up and took the ball out of the basket. History of the game

Slide 4

The court, measuring 28 m long, 15 m wide, has markings: front lines (limit the width of the court), central, side lines (limit the length of the court), penalty kicks. Below the rings are three-second zones. There is a central circle in the center of the site. The rings are located at a height of 3m 05cm. The ball weighs from 567 to 650g. To play, special shoes are used - sneakers that tightly fix the foot (ankle joint) to prevent injuries. What you need to play basketball

Slide 5

Main stand. Dribbling the ball (dribbling). Throws around the ring. Passing the ball. Protection. Catching the ball. Technique

Slide 6

When taking a stance, the basketball player places his feet parallel, shoulder-width apart, in line, or placing either leg forward. The legs are bent, the torso is slightly tilted. The weight of the body is evenly distributed on both legs, the arms are bent in a comfortable position for catching and holding the ball. Mistakes to avoid: - do not narrow the support area; - do not shift the center of gravity to one leg; - do not stand on straight legs; - do not lean your torso forward excessively. The stance when playing defense differs from the stance when playing offense in the position of the hands, which changes depending on the game situations. Basketball stance

Slide 7

Dribbling is the primary method of individual movement for a player with the ball. It is used when partners are closed, it is necessary to distract the defenders and change position. There are two types of guidance – high and low. Dribbling is performed with a jerk-like movement on the ball, straightening it at the elbow joint. The player meets the ball bouncing off the floor with his fingers wide apart and his forearm down. By bending his arm, he slightly accompanies the ball upward, and then again vigorously pushes it into the floor at a certain angle. With a low dribble, the legs bend more strongly, the dribble is carried out with frequent movements of the hand with a rebound no higher than the knee. The main thing when managing is the ability to continuously observe changes in game situations. Dribbling

Slide 8

The result of the game depends on the accuracy of the shot into the basket. There are throws: 1. throw with one hand from the shoulder - the most common method. They take free throws. 2. throw with two hands from the chest. Used to attack the basket from a standing position, from close to medium distances. 3. The one-handed overhand jump shot is the main means of attack in modern basketball. 1 Throws around the ring 3

Slide 9

Catching the ball is the key to successfully mastering the technique of playing basketball. During the game you have to catch the ball in a variety of conditions and in difficult situations. In this regard, the player must be able to catch the ball not only while standing still, in a calm environment, but also in a fight with an opponent, and while running fast, jumping or when the ball bounces off the backboard. Catching the ball

Slide 10

Passing the ball

Passing the ball is the main technical technique by which interaction between partners is carried out. Surprise and secrecy, speed and accuracy in the face of any opposition from defenders are the main requirements for passes. There are ball passes: with two hands and with one hand. two hands from the chest are used to interact partners at short and medium distances; with two hands from above is used with active resistance from a defender who does not have a dominant height. The one-handed shoulder pass is the most efficient way to pass the ball. Hidden passes are characterized by a shorter swing and an unexpected direction for the opponent to fly the ball, which makes it difficult to intercept.

Slide 11

Personal protection – personal care of the player by a defender. Zone defense – all players are positioned in the defense zone and each player controls his own part of the court. All team players must be able to defend effectively. Defense techniques are divided into two groups - movement techniques. Techniques for mastering the ball: interception; tearing out; knocking out; covering. Protection

Slide 12

"Zone" When the offensive team's ball crosses the center line, passing the ball back is a violation of the rules of the game. “Violation of the 3-second zone” In an attack, players of the attacking team cannot remain inside the trapezium for more than three seconds. Jogging The player holding the ball has taken more than two steps. Double dribble The player who picks up the ball after dribbling has the right to pass or shoot into the hoop. Repeated dribbling is a violation of the rules. Breaking the rules

Slide 13

1/Date of the appearance of the basketball game? a) 1885 b) 1887 c) 1889 d) 1891 2/What country is the origin of the game of basketball? a) Argentina b) Brazil c) America d) Russia. 3/Who was the founder of the game of basketball? a) P. Coubertin b) D. Naismith c) A. Nielsen d) V. Vasiliev 4/Catching the ball in basketball is one of the technical techniques of the game. Which of these techniques is the main one? a) catching the ball with two hands b) with one hand c) with feet d) with head 5/During the game, basketball players use various ways to pass the ball with two hands. What is the main method? a) two hands from below b) two hands from above c) two hands from the side d) two hands from the chest 6/The size of a basketball court? a) 20 x 10 m b) 22 x 15 m c) 20 x 40 m d) 28 x 15 m 7/Throws at the basket in basketball are most often performed with one hand. What is the main one-handed throw? a) from below b) from above c) from the head d) from the shoulder 8/ During a game of basketball, a player moves around the court in various ways. The main method of movement is: a) crawling b) jumping c) side step d) cross step Express test

Slide 14

Sport games. Textbook for physics. in-s. Ed. Portnykh Yu. M. M., “Physical education and sports”, 1975. Physical education in vocational schools. Toolkit. M., “Higher. school", 1976. Resources used

Slide 15

Training is over, long live training!

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Plan:

    Introduction
  • 1. History
  • 2 Rules
    • 2.1 Violations
    • 2.2 Fouls
  • 3 Basic elements of the game
    • Notes

Introduction

Basketball

Basketball court

Michael Jordan performs a slam dunk

Basketball(English) basket- basket, ball- ball) - a sports team game with a ball. Basketball is played by two teams, each consisting of five players. The goal of each team is to throw the ball into the opponent’s hoop with a net (basket) with their hands and prevent the other team from taking possession of the ball and throwing it into their own basket. The basket is 3.05 meters above the floor (10 feet). There are 5 people from each team on the court, a total of 12 people in the team, substitutions are not limited. A ball thrown from near and mid distance counts 2 points, and from a long distance (from behind the three-point line) - 3 points. A free throw is worth one point. The standard size of a basketball court is 28 meters long and 15 meters wide. Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world.

Basketball has been part of the Olympic Games program since 1936. James Naismith was there as a guest. Regular World Basketball Championships have been held for men since 1950, for women since 1953, and European Championships since 1935.

In Europe, international club competitions are held: Euroleague ULEB, European Cup ULEB, Challenge Cup.

The game reached its greatest development in the USA, where one of the strongest basketball championships was organized - the National Basketball Association (NBA) championship, which is also considered a national sport in Lithuania (see LBL).


1. History

In the winter of 1891, YMCA college students from Springfield, Massachusetts, forced to perform endless gymnastic exercises, considered at that time almost the only way to introduce young people to sports, were very bored in physical education classes. The monotony of such activities urgently needed to be put to an end and a fresh stream introduced into them, which would be able to satisfy the competitive needs of strong and healthy young people.

A modest college teacher named James Naismith found a way out of the seemingly impasse. On December 1, 1891, he tied two baskets of peaches to the railing of the balcony of the gymnasium and, dividing eighteen students into two teams, offered them a game, the meaning of which was to throw more balls into the opponents' basket. A start has been made. Could Dr. Naismith then imagine what a great future awaited his brainchild?

The idea for this game originated in his school years, when children played the old game “duck-on-a-rock”. The meaning of this game, popular at that time, was as follows: by tossing a small stone, it was necessary to hit the top of another, larger stone with it.

Quite pragmatically named “basketball” (eng. basket- basket, ball- ball) the game, of course, only vaguely resembled the enchanting spectacle that we know under this name today. There was no dribbling of the ball, the players only tossed it to each other, standing still, and then tried to throw it into the basket, and only with both hands from below or from the chest, and after a successful throw, one of the players climbed onto a ladder placed against the wall and removed the ball from the basket . From a modern point of view, the actions of the teams would seem to us sluggish and inhibited, but Dr. Naismith’s goal was to create a collective game in which a large number of participants could be involved simultaneously, and his invention fully met this task.

In 1892, he became a physical education teacher at Smith College. (English) Russian In Northampton (Massachusetts), Senda Berenson developed the first rules for women's basketball (English) Russian .


2. Rules

Dimensions of the backboard and basket according to FIBA ​​rules

Dimensions of shield and basket (option)

Field dimensions according to FIBA ​​2010 rules

Initially, the rules of the game of basketball were formulated by the American James Naismith and consisted of only 13 points. Over time, basketball has changed, and the rules also required changes. The first international rules of the game were adopted in 1932 at the first FIBA ​​Congress, after which they were adjusted and changed many times, the last significant changes were made in 1998 and 2004. Since 2004, the rules of the game have remained unchanged. The rules of the game are somewhat different in the NBA and championships held under the auspices of FIBA ​​(World Championships, Olympic Games, Continental Championships, international and national championships of European clubs)

Basketball is played by two teams, usually twelve people each, each of which has five players on the court at a time. The goal of each team in basketball is to throw the ball into the opponent's basket and prevent the other team from gaining possession of the ball and throwing it into their team's basket.

The ball is played only with hands. Running with the ball without hitting the floor, deliberately kicking it, blocking it with any part of the foot, or hitting it with a fist is a violation. Accidental contact or touching the ball with your foot or leg is not a violation.

The winner in basketball is the team that has scored the most points at the end of playing time. If the score is equal at the end of regular time of the match, overtime is assigned (usually five minutes of extra time), if at the end of it the score is equal, a second, third overtime is assigned, etc., until a winner is identified match.

For one hit of the ball in the hoop, a different number of points can be counted:

  • 1 point - throw from the foul line
  • 2 points - shot from medium or close range (closer to the three-point line)
  • 3 points - a shot from behind the three-point line at a distance of 6m 75cm (7m 24cm in the National Basketball Association)

The game officially begins with a jump ball in the center circle when the ball is correctly tapped by one of the contestants. The match consists of four periods of ten minutes (twelve minutes in the National Basketball Association) with breaks of two minutes. The duration of the break between the second and third quarters of the game is fifteen minutes. After a long break, the teams must exchange baskets.

The game can take place in an open area and in a hall with a height of at least 7 m. The size of the field is 28x15 m. The backboard measures 180x105 cm. The distance from the bottom edge of the backboard to the floor or ground should be 290 cm. The basket is a metal ring covered with a mesh without a bottom. It is attached at a distance of 0.15 m from the bottom edge of the shield. The ball circumference established by FIBA ​​standards for men's competitions is 74.9-78 cm, weight - 567-650 g (for women's competitions, 72.4-73.7 cm and 510-567 g, respectively).


2.1. Violations

  • out - the ball goes out of bounds;
  • jogging - a player in control of a live ball moves his legs beyond the limits established by the rules
  • violation of dribbling, including carrying the ball, double dribbling;
  • three seconds - an attacking player is in the free throw zone for more than three seconds while his team is in possession of the ball in the offensive zone;
  • five seconds - when taking a throw-in, the player does not part with the ball for five seconds;
  • eight seconds - the team in possession of the ball from the defensive zone did not bring it into the attacking zone within eight seconds;
  • 24 seconds - the team possessed the ball for more than 24 seconds and did not make an accurate shot at the ring. A team gains the right to a new 24 second possession if the ball thrown around the ring touches the ring or the backboard, as well as in the event of a foul by the defending team.
  • tightly guarded player - a player holds the ball for more than five seconds while the opponent is tightly guarding him;
  • violation of the return of the ball to the defense zone (zone) - the team in possession of the ball in the attack zone transferred it to the defense zone.

2.2. Fouls

The referee calls a foul

A foul is a violation of rules caused by personal contact or unsportsmanlike conduct. Types of fouls:

  • personal;
  • technical;
  • non-athletic;
  • disqualifying.

A player who receives 5 fouls (6 fouls in the NBA) in a match must leave the playing court and cannot take part in the match (but is allowed to remain on the bench). A player who receives a disqualifying foul must leave the match venue (the player is not allowed to remain on the substitutes' bench).

A coach is disqualified if:

  • he will commit 2 technical fouls;
  • a team official or substitute commits 3 technical fouls;
  • the coach will commit 1 technical foul and a team official or substitute will commit 2 technical fouls.
  • obscene language and insults are prohibited

Each foul counts as a team foul, with the exception of a technical foul by a coach, team official, or bench player.

Personal foul - a foul resulting from personal contact.

Punishment:

If a foul is committed on a player who is not in the shooting phase, then:

  • if a team has not accumulated 5 team fouls or a foul is committed by a player whose team had the ball, then the affected team performs a throw-in;
  • otherwise, the injured player takes 2 free throws;

If a foul is committed on a player in the act of shooting, then:

  • if the shot is successful, it counts and the injured player takes 1 free throw;
  • if the throw was unsuccessful, then the injured player makes the same number of free throws as the number of points the team would have earned had the throw been successful.

An unsportsmanlike foul is a foul committed as a result of contact in which the player did not attempt to play the ball within the rules.

Punishment:

If a foul is committed on a player who is in the shooting stage, then proceed in the same way as in the case of a personal foul. If a foul is committed on a player who is not in the shooting phase, the affected player takes 2 shots. After free throws are completed, the ball is thrown in by the injured team from outside the court at the extended center line. The exception is fouls committed before the start of the first period. In this case, after the free throws, a jump ball is played (as in the case of a normal start of the game). If a player commits 2 unsportsmanlike fouls during one match, he must be disqualified.

A disqualifying foul is a foul resulting from flagrant unsportsmanlike conduct. A disqualifying foul may be committed by a player, substitute, coach or team official.

Punishment:

The number of free throws and the throw-in after them are awarded in the same way as an unsportsmanlike foul.

A technical foul is a foul not caused by contact with an opponent. This could be disrespect for the referees, the opponent, delay of the game, procedural violations.

Punishment:

Any player of the team that did not violate the rules shoots 2 free throws. After the throws are made, the throw-off is the same as an unsportsmanlike foul.


3. Basic elements of the game

Fighting under the backboard is of particular importance in modern basketball. The well-known basketball commandment says: “Whoever wins the shield wins the match,” and one of the main statistical indicators of a basketball player’s game - be it an individual match or the entire season - is the number of so-called rebounds and blocked shots.

, Basketball in Israel, Eurocup (basketball), Super League (basketball), Point (basketball), Mini-basketball, Euroleague (basketball), Interception (basketball).

The name "basketball" is borrowed from the English word, which is correctly spelled - basketball. It is a combination of words basket - "basket" and ball - "ball", literally - "ball in the basket".

Currently, basketball is a contact team game in which players try to throw the ball into the basket with their hands.

Games reminiscent of modern basketball were found among the ancient peoples of Scandinavia and the Indians of Mexico. The predecessor of this game can be considered the children's entertainment “duck on a rock”, widespread in the 19th century.

Reference. The founder of basketball is James Naismith (Canada). Then, according to the rules, it was required to throw a pebble to hit the top of a large stone.

Naismith formed the rules of the game when he worked as a physical education teacher at one of the colleges in Massachusetts. He wanted to create a game for the winter season, when, as a result of weather conditions, it is impossible to compete in baseball and football. The task was to develop an outdoor sport for indoors.

With his instructions in 1891 Baskets for basketball matches were installed in the gym of the educational institution. The prototype was the usual containers for those times intended for storing fruits and vegetables. They were secured at a height of 3.05 m from the floor, which is an international standard to this day.

At first, students used regular soccer balls, and only a little later basketball balls appeared. The team consisted of 9 people, according to the number of students in the group.

The first official match took place in 1892 at Springfield College. The game became very popular in a short time.

Basketball fever has literally gripped the northeast of America. The rules developed by Naismith included only 13 points, becoming the basis for international basketball. Today these provisions barely fit on 200 pages.

Everything about the features of modern sports

These include the need for excellent motor coordination. For the purpose of effective gameplay, it is required that the athlete have elasticity, jumping ability, and mobility. Teamwork must be coordinated. A well-developed eye is required, an intuitive understanding of the intentions and strategies of other team members that require instant decision-making. All this is relevant for effective team play and career advancement.

Defining the goals, objectives and principles of the game

The main goal of this sport is throwing the ball into the basket as much as possible, while strictly following certain rules. Depending on the distance of the hit, different points are awarded.

The regulations of international basketball were officially established in 1932. The rules literally changed until 2004. playing 2 teams of twelve participants (five on the field, the rest constitute replacement).

Playing the ball only with your hands is allowed. Violation of provisions includes running with the ball in your hands without hitting the floor.

The team that can score the most points wins. If the score is identical, after playing time has expired, overtime is played ( 5 minutes provided). There may be several overtimes to finalize the winner.

How to play basketball correctly

A game like basketball has a certain set of rules.

Player Characteristics

According to the rules of basketball there are 3 positions, also called roles, including defender, attacker (forward) and center. Based on a specific situation, the forward is divided into light and powerful, and the defender is a playmaker and an attacker. There are certain requirements for a player in each position.

Attention! Point Guard must have better control over the situation on the field than others, have excellent speed and jumping ability. Assess the weaknesses of your opponents, skillfully using them to the advantage of your team.

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Dribbling

Following the rule, the player must know that hitting the ball on the surface should not be done without a clear purpose.

Such movements in basketball are used to defeat opponents. It is also used when holding tightly against opponents or approaching the ring.

If it is possible to pass the ball, then this practice is not used. The beginning of the introduction is considered to be throwing the ball into the backboard and touching it. The end of the process is touching the ball with both hands at once. This also includes holding the ball for a certain period in one or more hands.

Match duration

The NBA basketball game is technically still going on. 48 minutes. When taking into account timeouts and fouls, breaks, the duration varies within 1.5-2 hours. The game is divided into four quarters. Each one can go on within 12 minutes. When there is a tie in the fourth quarter, additional extras may be awarded. five minutes. In a situation in which the score is equal, it is given 5 more minutes. This trend continues until the score becomes unequal.

Glasses

The winners are the players who were able to score the most points based on the results of the competition. If the team scores are the same, another one is awarded 5 minutes. All this continues until it becomes clear who won.

One hit to the basket results in the same scoring. One point awarded for a shot from the foul line, and 2 - for a throw from close range. Three awarded for performing a throw at a distance 6.25 m.

Meaning of the Seconds and Two Steps Rule

The essence of these rules is as follows: the athlete is given 5 sec. to introduce the ball and take a free kick. The countdown begins as soon as the basketball player begins to hold the ball. From that time on he was recognized as alive. This rule allows you to optimize the gameplay. A player is given no more than 5 second. When these standards are met, it is possible to eliminate waste of time, which makes it possible to intensify the game.

Description of the basketball court

You can play basketball on a special court. According to the rules of the game, basketball the platform must have a solid rectangular surface, without any interference. Since the game is active, falls are possible, which, unfortunately, lead to serious injuries.

Reference. Much attention is paid to the quality of the coating. Used at many sites rubber coating (crumbs). This surface does not slip, which is safe for sports training.

For officially held FIBA ​​competitions, the field dimensions must be 28 m long and 15 m wide.

The measurement is carried out starting from the inner edge of the boundary lines. For competitions at other levels, size reduction is allowed. 26x14 meters.

The ceiling height is seven meters. The surface of the matches requires good lighting. Light sources are located in such a way that they do not interfere with the vision of the players.

Site marking

She has 207 linear meters of total length. It is allowed to raise the markings above the surface of the coating to a height not exceeding 2 mm. Marking is done using special rubberized paint.

Important! According to the new provisions, changes have been made to the markings regarding three second zone, the distance of the push line has been changed, additional throw-in lines have been included.

Information about basketball equipment, its pictures

To play basketball you need special equipment.

What kind of ball should it be

Produced in the shape of a sphere. A traditional pattern is applied to the ball, consisting of 8 parts, which are separated by recesses not exceeding 0.6 cm. The projectile consists of leather, rubber, synthetic materials.

Photo 1. Basketball ball from the manufacturer Nike. The projectile is orange with black stripes.

An established inflation rate is required, at which the ball must bounce from the height of its fall onto the court to a height of 1.20 m. The circumference is 74 mm, and the weight is allowed within 567-650 grams.

Shield and ring

White shields are made of transparent material. Dimensions 180x105 cm. Error allowed 2-3 centimeters. The front surface is smooth. White line markings are applied to the shield. Behind the ring is a rectangle 59x45 cm.

The basket (also called a ring with a mesh) is attached at a height 3.05 m from the floor. Made of durable steel, painted orange. The nets use white cord. When developing the design, it was taken into account that the ball would be delayed for a moment when it hits the basket. The mesh is attached to the ring with twelve loops. Its upper part is made strong to prevent tangling and throwing the ball back.

Photo 2. Backboard and hoop for playing basketball. The entire structure is installed at a height of 3.05 meters from the floor.

Benefits of classes

This sport requires extraordinary endurance.. The game process contains a large number of diverse techniques that require technical skills. An athlete uses many muscle groups necessary to perform certain maneuvers (run quickly, jump high, etc.).

Reference. Playing basketball helps keep your body muscles toned. It is calculated that during a match a player commits up to 40% strenuous movements.

When playing basketball sensitivity to the perception of light pulses increases by 40%. Exercise helps develop the heart and respiratory system.

Danger of occupation

This type of sports games included in the TOP 10 most dangerous. In terms of the number of injuries, they are second only to boxing or taekwondo. The most common are finger injuries.

They cause basketball players a significant amount of discomfort, which reduces their activity on the field.

An athlete often has to face with knee injuries. This state of affairs is due to unexpected changes in direction and pace when in close contact with opponents. Shoulders suffer when playing which is explained by the meeting of opponents.

In addition, ankle, knee and back injuries are common. To minimize them, it is necessary to pay increased attention to these parts of the body when warming up. And choose the right equipment(clothes, shoes, knee pads). They must be high quality. Following the recommendations of experts will allow the basketball player to always remain in excellent physical shape.

Is Basketball Athletics or Not?

Basketball is a fast sport. Classes are held on a small site. An athlete must have many qualities. Among them are reaction speed, agility and jumping ability. In athletics, basketball is considered a component of training activities.

Photo game

Photo 3. Basketball competition. A player from one team tries to throw the ball into the opponents' basket.

Photo 4. Playing basketball. A player from one team dribbles the ball, while the opponent tries to take it away.

Photo 5. Basketball game between women. The basketball player took the ball in her hands to pass it to another player.

Useful video

Watch a video that explains the basic rules of basketball.

Conclusion

Basketball has been able to gain popularity in all corners of the world. The spread of this type of game is explained by many factors, including presence of diverse movements (walking and running). Sports activities have a beneficial effect on the entire body. Some exercises are considered quite useful, so they are present in most physical therapy courses.

In particular, metabolic processes and the functioning of all body systems improve. The gameplay can be carried out both in the hall and on the site located on the street. This game does not require expensive equipment or uniforms.

Basketball owes its development to the American College of the YMCA in Massachusetts. It was there that for the first time in 1981, one of the teachers invented a game that partially misunderstood modern basketball. At that time, the variety of sports competitions in physical education classes was minimal, and students were simply bored with all the time allocated for sports. Therefore, in order to slightly change the attitude of his students towards physical education, teacher James Naismith decided to introduce a new game in his lessons. He simply tied two empty peach baskets on both sides of the gym, divided 18 students into two teams of 9 people and set the very first rules - they had to throw as many balls as possible into the opponent’s basket. It should be noted that the first rules did not provide for the ball touching the floor; it was simply tossed from hand to hand between the players who stood on the court. And the baskets themselves were not perfect - after each throw it was necessary to take a ladder and climb to remove the ball and put it back into play. But even this small inconvenience did not stop the interest of both students and other teachers in the innovation, and very soon basketball became a very popular game among American youth.

It is important to note that over the entire period since its founding, this sport has gradually developed, improved, and become a cult among millions of fans. Basketball began to actively promote itself on the world stage in the 30s and 40s of the last century. And since then it has become a very popular sporting event. But it still enjoys the greatest popularity in its homeland, in the USA, as well as in Canada, where basketball has also become a very popular sport.

But why is basketball so popular? Everything is very simple. To start playing, you just need to attach a special basketball backboard with a basket to the wall. At the same time, the height of its location in no way interferes with other sports. Thus, a basketball hall can simultaneously serve as a hall for practicing other sports, such as gymnastics, volleyball, a variety of athletics exercises and even mini football. Both boys and girls can play basketball. The game does not require special physical training, but in the future it very successfully ensures the physical and psychological development of the athlete, strengthens team spirit, develops reaction speed, endurance, patience, and character.

It is noteworthy that you can practice basketball both in indoor gyms and in open areas. In this case, you do not need a large amount of free space, and for training, one shield with a ring may be enough. This is the optimal sport for urban conditions, where it is very difficult to find a large free area for training.

Physical benefits of basketball

In the world today, there are quite a lot of team sports. These are such as football, hockey, volleyball, water polo, tennis, badminton and others. There is simply no point in listing them all. But many people prefer basketball. Why, there are many reasons. Let's look at them in more detail.

First of all, basketball attracts those who are at least above average height. And the fact that people simply want to improve their health while leading a healthy lifestyle is not at all the main reason.

At first glance it may seem that this sport is simple. It would seem: two teams pass the ball to each other and must hit the opponent’s basket as often as possible. Nothing like this! It is enough to take into account only the fact that the athlete runs about 8 kilometers during the game, while it is necessary to tactically correctly distribute his forces for powerful jumps and lightning-fast passes. Also, it is necessary to take into account the rather high pace and dynamics of the game.

What benefits does basketball bring to the body?

  1. First of all, the person with the ball is not only very strong and resilient. He has very good coordination of movements, and thanks to various jumps, the vestibular apparatus is well adjusted. Basketball has an equally positive effect on the development of the respiratory system. Running at a fast pace in combination with jumping very well strengthens the synergic muscles that are responsible for the mobility of the lungs.
  2. It is impossible not to mention the nervous system. It strengthens very well, thanks to the constant maintenance of the activity of many organs. Peripheral vision develops very well, which greatly improves the perception of external factors. This is especially useful for children.
  3. The cardiovascular system also does not stand aside. It has long been noted that playing basketball perfectly stabilizes blood pressure. There is another very significant advantage in playing basketball. Everyone knows that tall people, and those who usually play basketball, are very prone to stooping, which ultimately contributes to the development of various spinal diseases. And the best prevention against this kind of habit is basketball.

All the delights of this game can be listed for a very long time. I strongly advise you to take it up and always be healthy and in good shape.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Mari State University"

Abstract on physical culture on the topic:

"Basketball"

Completed by: student gr. ES-31

Semenishchev S.E.

Checked:

Bastrakov A.A.

Yoshkar-Ola

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

1. History of the development of basketball……………………………………………………….…4

2. Technique of playing basketball………………………………………………………...…..7

3. Competition rules……………………………………………………...…13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………..16

List of references……………………………………………..17

Introduction

In modern life, the use of physical exercises is increasingly aimed not at achieving high results, but at increasing their health-improving effect on the general public. To solve such a global problem, the most effective means are, first of all, sports games.

Basketball is one of the means of physical development and education of youth.

Basketball is one of the most popular games in our country. It is characterized by a variety of movements; walking, running, stopping, turning, jumping, catching, throwing and dribbling the ball, carried out in single combat with opponents. Such diverse movements help improve metabolism, the functioning of all body systems, and form coordination.

1. History of the development of basketball

The earliest evidence of a basketball-like game can be found in the ancient civilizations of Central and South America. In Central America, on the Yucatan Peninsula, playgrounds surrounded by stone walls date back to the seventh century AD. Looking at these platforms, decorated with sculptures of gods and various symbols. Scientists have concluded that the game was part of religious celebrations. It was called “pok-slipper” and was played with a rubber ball made from the resin of sacred trees. The players tried to hit the target with the ball, which was a massive stone ring. This game was like football and basketball at the same time.

In Mexico in the sixteenth century, the Aztecs played a similar game called ollamalitzli. Its participant, who hit a stone ring with a heavy rubber ball, received the right to demand the clothes of all spectators.

Invention of a new game.

However, the credit for "inventing" modern basketball goes to Canadian native Dr. James Naismith. Unlike other sports, basketball was not an evolution of an existing game - Naismith invented a completely new game, and the date and location of the first match are known exactly.

Naismith worked as a teacher at the International Training School in Springfield (Massachusetts, USA). He, of course, did not dream of inventing a sport that would soon begin to compete with football, but just wanted to find a more interesting type of winter activity than gymnastics, so that students would not be bored in those months when the weather did not allow playing football and baseball. And Naismith settled on playing with a ball simply due to the fact that the ball always evoked an emotional reaction from a person.

The game, as Naismith intended, was to be played indoors. It was necessary to think about preventing possible injuries to those practicing in a limited playing space. To ensure that skill would prevail over strength, Naismith decided to eliminate the goal line or other similar target from the game. His target had to be horizontal and raised above the floor, out of reach of the players. Hitting it required dexterity, not strength. By the way, Naismith himself played basketball only twice, and behaved rather rudely on the court. “Once,” he admitted, “when an opponent was beyond my strength, I simply pinned him down, like during a freestyle wrestling competition.”

Naismith's original intention was to nail down cardboard boxes on each side of the hall, and the basic idea of ​​the game would be to throw a ball into the box. Such a game could be called “boxball” (from the English box - box and ball - ball). Not finding any boxes, he used the peach baskets that came to hand. So the game began to be called “basketball” (from the English basket - basket, ball - ball).

A watchman named Stebbins brought baskets of peaches for the new game. They were attached on different sides to the balcony encircling the hall. Quite by accident, the height of the balcony to which the baskets were nailed turned out to be 3.5 meters, and since then, in basketball, baskets have always risen above the floor to this height. At first they simply nailed themselves to the balcony. Later, in order to avoid interference from overly emotional fans sitting on the balcony, the baskets were fenced off from them with shields.

First match and improving the game.

Naismith formulated the first rules of the game and played the first basketball game in the Springfield College gymnasium on December 21, 1891.

He divided his class into two teams of nine people each, took an ordinary soccer ball and offered to try throwing it into a basket. Stebbins had to stand on a stepladder and retrieve the ball from the baskets. He didn't have to work hard in the first game, hitting the basket just once.

Everyone liked the game so much that Naismith was soon tormented with requests

about an extra copy of the rules. In 1892, he published the first “Book of Rules” for his game, which contained 13 points. Most of them are still in effect today. The only fundamentally important innovation in modern rules is allowing players to dribble the ball.

Naismith did not strictly stipulate the number of players. According to his rules, a team could include from three to forty people. “The fewer players,” he said, “the more creatively you can play; the more, the funnier the game.” By analogy with football, players were divided into attackers, defenders and even... goalkeepers and could only play in their own areas of the court. Rapid improvements in player technique led to an agreement being reached in 1895 to limit teams to five, seven or nine players depending on the size of the court. Soon after this, the number of players per team was finally standardized. Since then, the team has placed no more than five people on the court at a time.

When choosing a target, Naismith had to decide whether to return the ball to play. First, they used a ladder, climbing which the ball was removed from the basket. But as the players' technique improved and the percentage of shots in the basket increased, this became inconvenient. Therefore, in 1900, the peach baskets were replaced by a metal hoop with a net that has no bottom.

Basketball competitions were held in the United States as early as 1895. The first interzonal collegiate games were organized in 1901, and basketball was featured at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo that same year.

2. Basketball technique

You can get the most pleasure from the game if you learn to correctly perform the basic techniques of the game - passing, dribbling, throwing into the basket, defending, rebounding and finishing off a ball that bounces off the backboard. At first, a beginner will probably not do everything as smoothly as an experienced athlete. But experience is a matter of time.

The most important thing is to remember the first rule - when in possession of the ball, hold it with your fingers and never clasp it with your palms.

Transfers – the simplest and most effective way to advance the ball to the opponent’s basket. Their main types are: passes with two hands from the chest, two hands from below, one hand from the shoulder, one and two hands with a rebound from the floor.

There are other types of passes, such as behind-the-back passes, but they require experience.

To catch the ball, you need to extend your arms towards it with your fingers spread and, as soon as it touches your fingers, bend your arms, pulling the ball towards your chest.

The technique of the transfers themselves is simple. They usually require a small swing and a “shooting” movement of the hand with the ball in the direction of the partner.

We must try to perform passes quickly and accurately. Their target should be the partner's chest or specially outstretched arm.

Dribbling . A player can move with the ball on the court only by successively hitting it on the floor with one or the other hand. When dribbling the ball you need to follow a few simple rules:

Pushing the ball into the floor is carried out mainly by the movement of the fingers and hand. Hitting the ball with your palm will be a mistake.

You should not look down at the ball - you should keep your head up to see other players and the court as a whole. The ball must be controlled with lateral, peripheral vision.

When dribbling with the right hand, the ball is held slightly to the side, in front - to the right, and with the left hand - to the side, in front - to the left.

When dribbling, the player must position himself between the ball and the defender. His legs are bent and his body is tilted forward. This position protects the ball from the defender, provides sufficient speed and allows you to avoid dribbling errors.

Throwing the ball into the basket .

There are the following ways to throw the ball into the basket:

> Throw from under the basket with one hand from above

> Standing one-handed throw

> Jump throw

> Throw using a shield

Individual protective actions.

The success of individual protective actions is determined by two characteristics. The first is psychological. It includes such qualities as aggressiveness, prudence, and courage. Without a psychological attitude, you cannot defend yourself successfully. The second characteristic is physical. The player's stance, body position, stamina, and position on the court are important here.

Rack. When playing defense, you should bend your knees and lean forward slightly. If the opponent moves across the court, the defender accompanies him in a parallel stance; in all other cases, one leg of the defender must be extended forward.

Body weight is evenly distributed on both legs to maintain balance. The head is raised to make it easier to follow the actions on the court. The defender must move with side steps and never cross his legs.

Under no circumstances should you lose sight of your ward. Sometimes a defender may use peripheral vision but he must be aware at any time. Where is the ward located?

Defense against the ball carrier. While holding the player with the ball, the defender must stand between the guarded basket and the player at arm's length from him. You need to look at the client’s belt. This allows you to concentrate better and avoid losing the correct position when the attacker performs distracting movements - feints.

The arms should be raised at waist level, palms facing up, if the offensive player is simply holding or dribbling the ball. If he is preparing to make a pass or throw, the defender should raise his hands up. This makes it difficult for the attacker to act. The player playing defense needs to be very careful not to react to the attacker’s false movement. The defender should jump up only when he is sure that the opponent is shooting at the basket, otherwise the attacker will easily get away from him.

Defending against a player without the ball. When holding a player without the ball, you need to move towards the ball and take a step back in order to be able to help your partner hold the player with the ball and immediately return to your player as soon as he has the ball.

The body position must be such that the defender, without turning his head, can see both his player and the player with the ball at the same time.

When holding a player without the ball in the center position, when he is located near the basket with his back to it, the defender should not remain behind the attacker. He moves to the side of the striker on the ball side and prevents him from receiving passes.

When a player without the ball is near the basket, the defender must hold him in front, positioning himself between the ball and his man. If he stays behind his player, he will not be able to prevent him from receiving the ball. And under the basket it is always dangerous.

It is important to constantly see the ball and your player. If you lose sight of the ball, the opponent can pass it directly over the defender's head. And losing sight of your player means allowing the enemy to create a numerical superiority under the basket.

After the throw, the last duty of the defender is to block his man and catch the ball that bounced off the backboard during an unsuccessful throw.

Fighting for the ball that bounced off the backboard. This is one of the most important phases of the game. It is at this moment that the attacker can bring his team two points, and the defender can prevent him from doing this. Therefore, you need to learn how to finish the ball in attack and pick it up in defense.

Getting the ball. Finishing is a rather difficult game technique. To master it, you must adhere to the following rules.

With each throw, the attacker must go to the ring to finish. Even while the ball is flying, he must try to determine the possible rebound zone. When throwing unsuccessful shots from the right, the ball usually bounces to the left and vice versa. You need to hit the ball with the fingertips of your outstretched hand in the highest possible jump. In this case, you should use a shield.

Recovering a rebounded ball in defense. Whoever wins the shield wins the game is one of the axioms of basketball. By allowing the opponent to re-roll, the team reduces its chances of winning. If every player on a team follows the rules of defensive blocking and rebounding, even a taller opponent can be neutralized.

After throwing the enemy, you need to make a turn in a wide stance to leave your ward behind your back. You should not immediately run after the thrown ball. First you need to make sure that the enemy's shortest path to the shield is blocked.

The closer the defender is to the player, the easier it is to block his path to the shield. You cannot push the enemy away when blocking; you must use lateral movements.

Continuing to keep the ball in sight, the defender waits for the right moment and jumps up to grab the ball at the highest point of the jump. He must act quickly and confidently.

The offensive tactic is to create conditions for one of the team players to shoot into the basket.

The easiest way to do this is by using the fast break, in which teams try to quickly move the ball forward at the first opportunity and attack the opponent's basket before the defense can get back. The result is a numerical superiority of attackers over defenders. A player can run forward and receive a long pass across the court. Numerical superiority also occurs when two attackers play against one defender, or three attackers against two defenders. In these cases, the attack is completed by the partner who was uncovered under the opponent’s basket.

If a team fails to use a fast break, it can use a form of positional attack, in which the attackers try to outplay the opponent's organized defense. In this case, the playground should be used in such a way as to avoid the accumulation of players in one place.

The main tactical limitation when forming a formation in a positional attack is the need to have at least one defender who must deliver the ball into the attacking zone and initiate the attack, as well as protect the team on defense against a quick break from the opponent in case of an unexpected loss of the ball.

The actions of players in a positional attack are based on three possible movements of the attacker after passing the ball - towards the basket, towards a partner with the ball, towards a partner without the ball.

In the first case, after passing the ball, the player makes a dash towards the basket, trying to get around the defender and receive a return pass for a shot. In the second and third cases, he or his partner is freed from the throw with the help of a screen, in which the attacker cuts off the defender guarding him from his partner. These tactics are used in the game depending on the situation that has arisen on the court.

Defense tactics are based on two main game systems - personal and zone.

In man-to-man defense, each defender is assigned to a specific offensive player. If the attackers successfully use screens, it is important that the defenders are ready to exchange players and do not leave the enemy uncovered.

Other principles underlie zone defense, in which each player is responsible for guarding a specific area of ​​the court near his own basket and countering any opposing player there. In addition, if necessary, he must help a partner in the adjacent zone.

The choice of defense depends on the abilities of the basketball players, the chosen tactics and the situation in the game. You can apply the principles of personal or zone defense or combine both.

In addition, the defense can be passive or actively pressure the opponent. With passive defense, the team guards the closest approaches to the basket, allowing the opponent to make long shots. If they are unsuccessful, it is easier for the defenders to take possession of the ball that bounced off the ring. With active defense, the team strives to take the ball away from the attackers and prevent shots from being taken.

Defense that spreads the principles of active play to the entire court is called pressing. Defenders are active even outside the range of possible shots. Active pressure is applied to the opponent as soon as he takes possession of the ball. Pressing can also use the principles of man-to-man defense, zone defense, or a combination of the two.

It should be remembered that the strength of a team's defense is determined by the individual actions of each player.

3. Competition rules

The rules of the game of basketball are simple, practically devoid of intricate nuances that leave room for ambiguous interpretation and therefore allow this sport to remain one of the most dynamic and spectacular team competitions. This article provides generalized rules for both European basketball and international competitions (held under the auspices of FIBA), the rules for such tournaments as, for example, the North American NBA, have their own specific features (relating to the duration of the game, the number of personal comments and their own interpretation fouls).

Two teams play basketball, with only 5 people from each team present on the court at a time. Modern FIBA ​​rules limit the maximum number of teams (players who have the right to appear on the basketball court) to 10, but when participating in tournaments involving a minimum of three games, the number of teams is limited to 12 players.

The actual goal of the game of basketball is to throw the ball into the opponent’s basket, while, if possible, preventing him from doing the same in a return attack. For each accurate field shot, depending on its distance from the ring, either 2 or 3 points are awarded (the distance to the center of the basket is at least 6.25 cm). There are also free throws, thrown from a static position, in the absence of opponent resistance, from the free throw line (distanced 5.8 meters from the inside of the front line of the basketball court).

The ball is played only with your hands, and you cannot cross the basketball court with the ball in your hands; you must dribble it (that is, hit it on the floor). The ball must be dribbled with only one hand. With the ball in his hands (without dribbling), the player can move only two steps; on the third a violation (foul) will be recorded. If a player with the ball in his hands stops dribbling, then he must pass the ball to one of his partners; continuing dribbling after a pause is prohibited. Intentionally kicking the ball is considered a violation; accidental hitting or contact of the ball with the foot is not recorded as a foul (violation).

The winning side in a basketball match is the team that scores more points in a 40-minute interval (that’s how long the main phase of the match lasts). If the scoreboard is tied at the end of regular time, overtime (extra time) is usually awarded. Each overtime lasts 5 minutes: if at the end of it there is still equality on the scoreboard, then the next overtime is assigned and so on until either team wins. In a number of competitions (for example, the quarterfinals of the Euroleague, Eurocup, Eurochallenge), a draw may be recorded as the final result of the match.

The game (basketball match) begins with a jump ball in the central circle of the court (with a radius of 180 cm) and consists of 4 periods of 10 minutes each, separated by intervals for players to rest. Between the 2nd and 3rd periods the interval is greatest (15 minutes).

From the moment the ball falls into the hands of a player of any team, the countdown of the time allotted for the attack begins (24 seconds) - before this time expires, the ball must leave the hands of the basketball player of the attacking team (throw), or the attack will be interrupted by the referee's whistle and the ball will be transferred to the basketball players of the second team.

Within 8 seconds, the ball must be transferred from one's own half of the field to the opponent's half of the field. When throwing the ball or taking a free throw, the 5 second rule applies: this is how long it takes for the ball to leave the player’s hands. You cannot stay in the opponent’s penalty area (near his ring) for more than 3 seconds.

Fouls (or violations) of the rules. Each player on any basketball team can receive no more than 5 fouls per match; if this number is exceeded, he is removed from the court until the end of the match. There is such a thing as team fouls - if the number of fouls exceeds 4 (on any basketball players of this team in one period) - each subsequent one is punishable by two penalties. If a foul was committed by a player while his team was in control of the ball or taking a throw-in, it is not punishable by free throws. All team fouls committed in the extra period (extra time) are considered committed in the fourth period of regular time of the match.

If a foul was committed against a basketball player in the process of shooting, then he is punished with either one free throw (the ball, despite the foul, hit the basket and the shot was counted), or two (the ball did not hit, but the shot was made within the 2-point range). area), or three (the ball did not hit, but the throw was made within the 3-point area).

There is such a thing as a technical foul (a foul not caused by contact with an opponent, for example, offensive gestures, remarks addressed to referees, spectators or an opponent). If such a foul is assigned to a basketball player, then a player of the opposing team shoots 1 free throw and his team additionally gains possession of the ball.

An unsportsmanlike foul is awarded to a player who, in the opinion of the officials, was not attempting to play the ball and contact was made with an opponent. It is punished by 1, 2 or 3 free throws; if the same basketball player commits a repeated foul, he is disqualified for the duration of the game (that is, sent to the team locker room).

Conclusion

Basketball has not only health-improving and hygienic significance, but also propaganda and educational significance. Basketball lessons help build perseverance, courage, determination, honesty, self-confidence, and a sense of teamwork. But the effectiveness of education depends, first of all, on how purposefully the relationship between physical and moral education is carried out in the pedagogical process.

In the public education system, basketball is included in physical education programs for preschoolers, general secondary, secondary, vocational, specialized secondary and higher education.

Basketball is an exciting athletic game that is an effective means of physical education. It is no coincidence that it is very popular among schoolchildren. Basketball, as an important means of physical education and health improvement for children, is included in the general education programs of secondary schools, schools with polytechnic and industrial training, children's sports schools, city departments of public education and branches of sports voluntary societies.

Consolidating the achieved results and further increasing the level of sportsmanship are closely intertwined with mass recreational work and qualified training of reserves of the most talented boys and girls.

The variety of technical and tactical actions of playing basketball and the gaming activity itself have unique properties for the formation of vital skills and abilities of schoolchildren, the comprehensive development of their physical and mental qualities. The mastered motor actions of playing basketball and associated physical exercises are effective means of promoting health and recreation and can be used by a person throughout his life in independent forms of physical education.

List of used literature

1. “Physical culture and sport” – edited by Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Yu.D. Zheleznyak, Professor Yu.M. Portnova, M.: 2003.

2. Basketball: Textbook for universities of physical education // Under. Ed. M. Portnova. – M: Physical culture and sport, 1997.

3. Basketball: Textbook for institutes of physical education // Under. Ed. Bashkin S.G. Basketball lessons. M. 1966.

4. Valtin A.I. “Mini-basketball at school.” - M.: Education, 1996.

5. Gomelsky A.. Ya. “All about basketball”, M.: 2000.

6. John R., Wooden Modern basketball. - M: Physical culture and sport, 1997.



 

 
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