home → For running “Handball: playing technique, classification of playing technique. General sequence of teaching playing techniques. Group actions of defenders The movement of the legs in the run-up should be ahead of the movement of the shoulder girdle, you need to throw your shoulders back a little

“Handball: playing technique, classification of playing technique. General sequence of teaching playing techniques. Group actions of defenders The movement of the legs in the run-up should be ahead of the movement of the shoulder girdle, you need to throw your shoulders back a little

Two or more defenders, joining forces to defend the goal, perform group tactical actions. Only collective actions of defenders, based on mutual understanding and interaction, can bear fruit. The most common group actions in defense include: “analysis” of players, changing players, switching defenders, backup, group blocking, actions in the minority, interactions with the goalkeeper, standard connections.

"Analysis" of players. The essence of the “analysis” is that each defender identifies his ward at a given moment in the game and quickly begins to guard him. In practice, to find the attacker's team, the defenders use a simple calculation: everyone occupies a certain ordinal position from the edge of the court. After any movements of the attackers, the full-back always takes care of the striker closest to the edge of any line of attack, the welter defender - the second from the edge, and so on. This counting of attackers allows defenders to quickly navigate during the initial throw, when the game is stopped in various places on the court, when the ball is lost, and so on.

Change of wards. During the game, attackers often change places, so defenders must always be ready and, having finished guarding one player, immediately switch to another. The clarity of the “transfer” of players is achieved by the fact that the defender, accompanying his ward, evaluates the actions of the new one in advance. The most important condition for the action of the wards is to first “pass on” yours, and then “accept” the new one.

Switching defenders. This technique is used when, as a result of a mistake by one of the defenders or with a numerical advantage of the attackers, an unguarded attacker appears in a zone dangerous for the goal. The defender closest to him must leave his man and switch to a free man, and so on, until the player who poses the least threat to the goal remains in the role of an unmarked attacker.

Safety net. Its essence is that every defender in the game is always ready to help his partner, strives to strengthen the team’s defensive formations in the most dangerous place of attack. Safety net is expressed primarily by occupying a starting position for each specific action.

Group blocking. A group block is the blocking of a shot at the goal by two or three or more players. Used against players who shoot powerfully from medium and long distances.

In a group block there is always a main blocking defender and a backup. The main blocker always acts as a single block. The duplicate blocker follows the main one and strengthens it.

Actions in the minority. Playing in a numerical minority, defenders constantly have an open attacker in front of them, so goal security can only be achieved by increasing the intensity of movements and improving the quality of defensive actions.

Interactions with the goalkeeper. This interaction includes individual and collective blocking, and the goalkeeper can also give advice or point out mistakes made by the defense, since he is behind the defensive formations and clearly sees the entire game.

Release from the barrier. While in the game, the defender does not always see that he can be screened, so his partner must warn him with his voice, and also try to push the attacker in front of the screened defender.

Standard bundles. They are used by the team in some standard positions. The most often used is a combination of two defenders, guarding the lineman and one of the partners from the back line. In the initial position, both defenders and the lineman are on the goalkeeper's area line. As soon as the back striker receives the ball and threatens the goal, one of the defenders must come forward and "defuse" that striker, while the second one covers the lineman.

Running in a dream, as has already been said, is a common dream, and there can be many reasons for it:

Very often running symbolizes haste in thoughts; quick decision making. Perhaps you should slow down and not rush in? Forget about rushing.
You can soon expect events that will very soon force you to rush and make decisions quickly.
Running alone in a dream - such a dream may indicate that now a person is in a hurry and is in a hurry, in particular in his thoughts; or may indicate the likelihood of future rushes.
Are you trying to run, but you can't? Most likely, your dream warns about the ineffectiveness of your haste in something important, or you have chosen the wrong approach to solving the problem.
Did you have a running competition in your dream? Did you run a race? Then you will find yourself in competition with someone, and the result will depend on the speed of decision-making.

Sometimes, you can find out why you dream of running in a dream based on the deciphering of the area in which you ran.

If you dream that you were running around the house, then you should think about your life. Perhaps you will be in a hurry in family matters or do things that concern your loved ones thoughtlessly and quickly.
If you are running around familiar terrain, in your neighborhood or yard, then soon you will be thinking about relationships with the people around you, friends and family.
Did you dream that you were running in circles? Perhaps you are fixated on something, thinking about the same thing and do not want to look at this situation from the other side. There is an assumption that soon you will feel “like a trapped squirrel in a wheel.”

Running in a dream: interpreting meanings from various dream books

If you want to know why you dream about running in a dream, then you had a similar dream. By the way, many people “run” or “try to escape” in their sleep - you are not alone in this. To solve the dream, remember the details and read the interpretations of different dream books.

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Any action, no matter what you have to do in a dream, symbolizes the positive thoughts of the sleeper and speaks of his active position in life.

All actions that are performed with special enthusiasm are harbingers of success and happy circumstances.

When a person does something through force, this vision indicates that in real life he is opposed by some acquaintance who, with his negative positions, puts pressure on the sleeping person. As the dream book indicates, doing something in a dream is a sign of well-being and the achievement of all life plans.

A vision in which a person is cleaning indicates that the latter has accumulated a sufficient number of unresolved problems. They must be gradually brought to life, otherwise the sleeper may become confused in his life aspirations.

Why do you dream of order after cleaning, which is pleasing to the eye? Such a vision portends a person’s happiness and joy from his actions and aspirations. If you feel pleasure in a dream, then this state indicates a complete awareness of all the advantages of life.

If you dream about how cleaning is done for a long time and measuredly, it promises that a person will have to work hard and make a lot of his own efforts in reality in order to achieve the desired heights.

To do cleaning through force and without desire - the mental contradictions of the sleeper often prevent him from achieving his intended goals. A person does not have enough determination or the support of his comrades to turn everything he has planned into reality.

If a young woman dreams of doing wet cleaning, then this indicates her desire to procreate, but at the moment something is preventing her from realizing her plans.
Wet cleaning with a dirty rag portends health problems that need to be resolved in a timely manner.
Cleaning done with a vacuum cleaner directly indicates that problems are hidden in the relationship with your spouse.
If after cleaning you dream of cleanliness and comfort in the house, then for a woman this is a sign of fulfillment of her plans and a quick addition to the family.

Cleaning out the closet in a dream. For a woman, this vision indicates her natural attractiveness. Such a dream foreshadows her quick elimination of all pressing problems and a happy coincidence of life circumstances.

The same vision for a man is a harbinger of his masculine strength. He enjoys the attention of all females, which he is proud of and very pleased with.

In a dream, playing any sport is much simpler and easier; a person does not feel real fatigue. If playing sports brings joy and a feeling of inner comfort, then this indicates that a person in real life has reached great heights and fully enjoys his current position, and any changes are unpleasant for him.

When you dream that playing sports gives you a feeling of fatigue even in your sleep, this is a harbinger of a decline in vitality. The sleeper needs to rest and take a little break from an active lifestyle.

Playing a sport that is unusual for a person and becomes a novelty for him is a symbol of the fact that in reality a person often has to solve ambiguous problems that cause confusion in others.

Why do you dream of playing sports in the fresh air? This vision is very favorable for a person. Even a simple exercise in the fresh air indicates financial wealth and complete satisfaction from life.
Why do you dream of playing sports in the gym? A closed room symbolizes minor problems associated with colleagues or a family partner.
If the room is clean and completely comfortable, then the dream indicates a positive resolution of all emerging problems.
A dirty floor and shabby walls in the gym foreshadow health difficulties.

Strength exercises predict that a person should try a little to get the coveted achievement.

When, after sports activities, a sleeper feels an increase in vitality, then in real life this indicates his high achievements. He follows the right path, he is surrounded by only faithful people, the person is completely happy and satisfied with his fate.

All sports activities that are associated with running personify the sleeper’s desire for something. The interpretation of the dream depends on what achievement the exercise ends with.

What's the point of running alone? Such a dream indicates that a person relies only on his own personal strengths and does not trust others and solves all problems only himself.

If running exercises provide a comfortable feeling, then the sleeper is completely satisfied with his position in life.
If running is done intermittently and the sleeper gets tired of this sport, it means that in reality he lacks moral support from faithful comrades and sincere friends.
Jogging with someone or a group of strangers is a harbinger of joyful events in life.
Receiving an award for a running competition is a symbol of a great mood and the fulfillment of your dreams.

Running competitions represent the degree of superiority of the sleeper over other people. If he wins a competition in a dream, then joy and success await him. Failure in competition predicts self-doubt, which the sleeper can cope with.

Running a race with a person who is in reality an opponent and a rival portends complete victory:

If a man in love sees a dream, then for him this vision is a sign of romantic victories.
Careerists can interpret this vision as achieving heights in the working sphere of life.
Women have such a dream when they achieve some success in reality.

Running along a long and level path is a sign of a long life path and health. If the path is crooked and the runner stumbles, then the waking person will have to find the right path in life from several options, which will be successful and positive.

Dream Interpretation: play sports in a dream

It is easier to play sports in a dream than in reality. No fatigue, no injuries. You can become a champion in any sport, even the most unexpected one. Moreover, thanks to such a dream, you can find out what you will experience in the near future. If this dream is interpreted correctly.

Why you dream about playing sports is not so easy to explain. The explanation of the dream depends on many factors: what sport, where you are, who is around you, training or competition. The plot of the dream is of great importance.

It is very important, did you have to deal with the dreamed species or do you have nothing to do with it? If sports activity concerned the past, there is one interpretation of the dream. Currently, your relationship with her is different.

You can start explaining sports dreams by taking that dream book and engaging in any sport that has a general interpretation, regardless of the plot lines. If you had a dream on a weekday, it will mean that those around you neglect your opinions, absolutely do not take your desires into account, and are constantly subjugating you. A sports dream tries to open the eyes of the one who is dreaming to his position among others.

For those who have never come close to the gym and neglect physical exercise, such a dream is trying to hint: it’s time to increase physical activity. Otherwise, an unhealthy lifestyle will affect your health.

I dreamed that I was at a sports competition as a spectator. For those who are regular fans, the dream means absolutely nothing. Others should perceive such a dream as a hint of inertia. Both in life position, and in work, in love relationships. It's time to take your own life into your own hands and make your own decisions.

Why did you dream about lifting a barbell in a dream? You shouldn’t be so arrogant, it won’t lead to any good. In a dream, a girl participates in a swimming competition. Soon she will meet a new love, and the old one will be forgotten with ease, without mental anguish.

A dream book compiled for housewives is at hand. In the dream, they will be engaged in... fencing. The dream is explained depending on the storyline.

Being a beginner on the path requires you to prepare for good news. Sitting on the podium among the fans, applauding your athlete who wins, means having reliable support in life. To win a difficult battle yourself - you can start a new business, it will be profitable. If you win a serious tournament in this form, in a couple of weeks you will definitely find a patron who will provide someone in the family with success in business for a long time. This dream is especially good for the wives of sales workers.

Next dream book. He suggests playing sports in a dream for older people. Such a plot guarantees a long life for older people, and if they are sick, a speedy recovery and successful rehabilitation.

It is best to remember what exactly you were doing in your dream. Group sport - those around you will help you survive. The sport is purely personal and classes take place in the fresh air - you will need to make your own efforts to achieve progress.

If you dream that you participate in a sport where you swim on a canoe, yacht and other devices, then the explanations for the dream depend not on the sport specifically, but on the weather. Calm water - a dream promises success and well-being in life. It’s stormy - you need to expect troubles in life. The boat capsized - you will have to “go to the bottom” in real life. Not alone in the boat - to a lucrative job offer.

What does it portend?

In my dream I had to play sports on the tennis court. The owner of the dream has nothing to do with tennis in real life.

The court is open, the opponent is strong. Soon a patron will appear on your life's path. The game takes place in the hall - a close friend will soon advance up the career ladder. Others are playing - you dream that you need to serve the rolled balls. In the near future, you will have to change your environment, and your new friends will turn out to be better than your old ones. To applaud in a crowd of admirers an idol who has just defeated a serious opponent. In reality, you need to prepare to receive a bonus.

In any sport, in a dream you turned out to be the winner of the Olympics - it’s time to run and buy a lottery ticket. The winnings will be big.

What to expect if you dreamed that you were playing sports and the view was steamy?

Badminton. For parents of small children, having a dream about doubles badminton is happiness. This suggests that the kids will grow up to be successful individuals.

But the dream of throwing a shuttlecock onto a racket alone is unfavorable for those who see it. The other half will constantly cheat, and you will have to endure it.

I dreamed about boxing - no matter how the plot develops, it’s a bad dream. You can expect loss, misfortune, any blow.

Any gymnastics: sports, artistic, morning - unfavorable sleep. To losses or minor troubles.

Dreams in which you engage in wrestling are interpreted differently by dream books. And as a future success in life, and vice versa, a warning that in the near future you will be “thrown away.”

In my dream I had to run. In a group of other athletes, such a dream suggests that you will be invited to a fun event, or will be given a big gift. Are you spinning in circles alone in your sleep? In real life, you will achieve great success and occupy a high position.

Why dream of playing sports if in life you are a professional athlete? In the case where you are a football player and dream about gymnastics, you should think about why such a dream. If the activity in the dream coincides with the real one, the dream is empty. And you don’t need to wonder why he dreamed about it.

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What do popular dream books say about running in a dream?

You can find out the meaning of a dream by studying the interpretations of “proven” dream books. Let's find out the common interpretations of running in a dream.

Miller's Dream Book

If you dreamed that you were running not alone, but in the company of several people, then this is a sign that an event awaits you and you will soon find out that your well-being will increase and all your affairs will “go uphill.”

If you run into one, then in life you will overtake your friends in gaining wealth and a fairly high place will await you on the social ladder.

If you fall or stumble while “jogging,” then in real life you may lose your reputation or go broke.

If you are trying to run away from danger, then expect loss in life. According to the interpretation of the dream, you will have to desperately fight the current situation.

If in your dream someone is running away from someone, then you will be upset by the failures that befall your friends.

In a dream, you were running after your spouse - you will be burdened by annoying company.

Vanga's Dream Book

In Vanga's dream book you can find different interpretations of this dream. You can consider a dream as a signal of impending poverty, illness, loss, if the running was slow. Running fast in a dream can lead to unexpected happiness in reality and the appearance of pleasant surprises. If you run barefoot, you will lose money; be careful about your work and business.

The goal you were running after in the dream is important. If you chase the common man, he becomes a symbol of financial loss. If you are chasing game, expect joy, especially when you achieve your goal.

If you are chasing your spouse, then you should think about diversity in your family life.

Dream Interpretation of Medea

If you are running away from a wild animal, forget about rash actions. If you are running away from a fire, you will have to take measures and definitely check your health. If you are fleeing an attack, listen to your feelings.

If you are trying to run to the bus or plane, then realize your plan today. And if you are chasing a person, the daily race will be very tiring for you.

Freud's Dream Book

According to Freud's dream book, running in a dream means a symbol of sexual intimacy. If running brings joy in a dream, it means you are in good physical and sexual shape.

If you're tired of running or need to run in bad weather, you don't like sex with your partner. You may not realize it at first, but you are already thinking about finding a new partner.

Solomon's Dream Book

According to this dream book, running means poverty and loss.

Dream Book of the Wanderer

Running in a dream signals stagnation in your activities, as well as the appearance of internal problems, such as numbness in the legs, etc.

Women's dream book

According to the women's dream book, running after other people means that you are in a hurry to get somewhere. The dream book also believes that you will soon take part in some interesting event.

Perhaps significant success in business awaits you. And a lot depends on the atmosphere of sleep. For example, if you fall while running, expect financial problems. If you run alone, it means you will be able to take an advantageous place in life. If you run away from danger, you will lose hope of solving problems in the usual way. If it is not you, but someone else who is running away from danger, then warn the children about possible danger.

Finally

Try not to take the meaning of the dream to heart; perhaps “running in a dream” does not mean something bad for you and the dream is just a dream. To find out whether this is true or not, carefully study the popular dream books, which are still in great demand, and follow the further recommendations.

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FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

SIBERIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS

DEPARTMENT OF THEORY AND METHODS OF SPORTS GAMES

ABSTRACTON THE TOPIC OF:

CLASSIFICATION OF HANDBALL TECHNIQUES AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

Omsk 2009

1. Classification of equipment

2. Field player technique

3. Defense technique

4. Goalkeeper technique

1. Classification of equipment

The technique of playing handball is a system of rational, purposeful movements, consisting of individual techniques necessary to play the game.

The term “technique” refers to motor actions that are similar in target characteristics, aimed at solving the same game problem (throw to score a goal, holding to protect the goal, etc.).

The technique of the game is the totality of all the techniques and methods of their implementation.

The technique of performing a technique is a system of movement elements that allows you to most rationally solve a specific motor task.

Classification is the distribution of all techniques and methods of their implementation into sections and groups based on similar characteristics.

Depending on the nature of the game, technique is divided into two large sections: field player technique and goalkeeper technique. According to the focus of activity in each section, subsections can be distinguished: attack technique and defense technique. In the attack technique, there are groups of movement and possession of the ball, and in the defense technique, there are groups of movement and counteracting the possession of the ball. Each group includes playing techniques, which, in turn, are performed in several ways. The characteristics of methods for performing a technique include the following features: 1) the player uses one or two limbs when performing the technique; 2) the position of the hand with the ball relative to the shoulder joint (top, side, bottom); 3) the method of accelerating the ball (push, whip, hit,).

2. Field player technique

Attack technique

During the offensive game, the handball player uses certain techniques. Participation in the game obliges the athlete to be constantly ready to move and receive the ball. This readiness is reflected in the player’s posture, which is commonly called the stance. The main stance of a handball player is a position on slightly bent legs, arms bent at the elbow joints at right angles to catch the ball, back straight, shoulders relaxed. This stance is used by players when playing the ball. The player’s stance at the goalkeeper’s zone line is distinguished by the fact that the arms are extended towards the ball and the back is round. A player located at the line of the goalkeeper's zone, as a rule, having received the ball, rushes to attack the goal, making a throw. This forces you to take a stance with significantly bent legs to push off.

Movements

To move around the court, the player uses walking, running, stopping, and jumping.

Walking is normal and side steps are used by handball players to change positions. Players move face, back and sideways forward.

Running is the main means of movement for handball players. Running on toes and on full feet are used. Running on your toes allows you to make a quick dash and achieve maximum movement speed.

Stopping - Due to the constantly changing playing situation on the court, the handball player has to constantly stop. The ability to quickly reduce speed gives the player great advantages for further actions. Stopping is done with one or two feet.

Jumping - used by a handball player when catching high and far flying balls, passing the ball, throwing into the goal. You can jump with one or two legs.

Ball possession

Catching is a technique that provides the opportunity to take possession of the ball and carry out further actions with it. Catching is done with one or two hands. The choice of catching method is dictated by the particular trajectory of the ball and the position of the player in relation to the ball.

Passing the ball - This is the main technique that ensures interaction between partners. Without an accurate and quick pass, it is impossible to create the conditions for a successful attack on the goal. In handball, passes are made mainly with one hand from a place or from a run. The swing is the abduction of the hand with the ball for subsequent acceleration of the ball. The swing can be up - back and to the side - back. The swing is a carrier of information for the enemy. Therefore, the shorter it is, the less information it will provide about the player’s actions. The run-up and swing constitute the preparatory phase of the transfer.

In the main phase, the handball player communicates the speed and direction of the ball’s flight (accelerates the ball) in three ways: with a whip, a push and a brush.

Dribbling is a technique that allows a player to move with the ball around the court in any direction and at any distance, hold the ball as long as necessary, and beat the defender.

Throw - This is a technique that allows you to throw the ball into the goal. With its help, the result of the game is achieved; all other techniques are aimed at creating conditions for a throw.

The throw can be performed in a supporting position, in a jump, in a fall, from a place and from a run. Depending on the conditions under which the throw is performed, its preparatory phase, including the run-up, jump and swing, is different.

3. Defense technique

The main objectives of the game in defense are: defending one’s goal using permitted means, disrupting the opponent’s organized attack and gaining possession of the ball.

The main stance of the defender is with legs bent at an angle of 160 - 170 degrees and legs spaced 20 - 40 cm apart. The back is not tense, the arms, bent at the elbow joints at right angles, are in a comfortable position for quickly moving them in any direction. The weight of the body is distributed on both legs, the gaze is fixed on the opponent, and peripheral vision controls the position of other players and the movement of the ball on the court.

Movements

Walking is necessary for the defender to choose a position when guarding the attacker. The defender uses regular walking and side step. Walking with an extended step is performed in a standing position with bent legs, feet turned outward.

Jumping - used when blocking, tackling, intercepting the ball. Reacting to the actions of the attacker, the defender must be able to make a jump from any starting position. The defender jumps, pushing with one and two legs.

Ball Possession Opposition

Blocking is blocking the path of the ball or offensive player. Blocking the ball is done with one or two hands from above, from the side, from below. Having determined the direction of the throw, the defender quickly straightens his arm to block the path of the ball.

Knocking out is a technique that allows you to interrupt the dribbling of the ball; it is performed by hitting the ball with one hand. The defender uses a kick-out at the moment when the ball is between the attacker’s hand and the surface of the court. Having approached to a distance that allows him to reach the ball, the handball player quickly extends his hand and hits the ball with his fingers.

Tackling the ball when throwing is interrupting the throw at the end of the ball's acceleration. The defender moves his hand towards the ball from the direction of the intended throw and, as it were, removes the ball from the attacker’s hand.

4. Goalkeeper technique

Not allowing the ball into the goal and organizing a counterattack are the main tasks of the goalkeeper’s game activity. All playing techniques are divided into defensive and offensive techniques.

Defense technique

The goalkeeper's stance becomes especially important because it ensures that the goalkeeper is ready to save the ball. The main goalkeeper stance is a position with legs bent at an angle of 160-170 degrees, spaced 20-30 cm apart.

Movements

Walking - the goalkeeper will use regular and step-up walking to select a position. Side step walking is performed in a standing position with bent legs. At the same time, a constant state of readiness obliges him not to lose contact with the support.

Jumping - the goalkeeper makes a push with one or two legs. Most often, these are jumps to the sides without preparatory movements from a stance, with a push of the same or opposite direction of movement with the foot, more often before the jump, if the situation allows, he takes only one step.

Falls are not the goalkeeper's primary method of movement, but in difficult game situations he uses this means to quickly move to the ball.

Counteraction and possession of the ball

Holding the ball is a technique that allows you to change the direction of the ball flying into the goal after the attacker's throw. This technique, depending on the flight of the ball, can be performed with one or two hands, one or two legs, or the torso.

Catching is a technique that allows you to block the ball from entering the goal with the obligatory mastery of it. Catching is done with only two hands. It is better to catch a ball flying along a lobbed path close to the goalkeeper. But if the speed of the ball is high, then the goalkeeper must use any other method of protecting the goal.

Goalkeeper attack technique

The goalkeeper must be able to pass with one and two hands from above and from the side in a supporting position. Passes over medium and long distances are especially important for him. Outside his zone, the goalkeeper's playing techniques are the same as those of the field player.

Key terms:

Technique, goalkeeper, field player, shooting, passing the ball, dribbling, feints, blocking

Listusedliterature

1. G.V. Bondarenkova, N.I. Kovalenko, A.Yu. Utochkin “Physical Culture” Volgograd 2004.

2. M.V. Vidyakin “For a beginning physical education teacher” Volgograd 2002.

3. M.V. Vidyakin “Extracurricular activities in physical education” Volgograd 2004.

4. V.Ya. Ignatieva “Handball” “Physical education and sports”.

5. Izaak V.I., Nabiev T.E. “Handball at the University” Tashkent 2005.

6. Ignatieva V.Ya., Petracheva I.V., Gamaun A., Ivanova S.V. Analysis of the competitive activity of highly qualified men's teams in handball.

7. Methodological manual for coaches, athletes and students of educational institutions in physical culture. Moscow, 2008.

8. Ignatieva V.Ya., Ovchinnikova A.Ya., Kotov Yu.N., Minabutdinov R.R., Ivanova S.V. Analysis of the competitive activity of highly qualified women's teams in handball. Methodological manual for coaches, athletes and students of educational institutions in physical culture. Moscow, 2008.

9. Ignatieva V.Ya., Alizar T.A., Gamaun A. Analysis of competitive activity of highly qualified female and male goalkeepers. Methodological manual for coaches, athletes and students of educational institutions in physical culture. Moscow, 2008.

10. Ignatieva V.Ya. Application of complex means for training handball players and improving the quality of physical education of secondary school students. Methodological letter to handball coaches and teachers of secondary schools. Moscow, 2008.

11. Ignatieva V.Ya., Petracheva I.V. Long-term training of handball players in children's and youth sports schools: M.: Soviet Sport, Method. allowance. - 216 p.

12. Ignatieva V.Ya., Tkhorev V.I., Petracheva I.V.; under general ed. Ignatieva V.Ya. Training of handball players at the stage of higher sports mastery: textbook. allowance / V.Ya. Ignatieva, V.I. Thorev, I.V. Petracheva; under general ed. V.Ya. Ignatieva. - M.: Physical culture, 2005. - 276 p. ISBN 5-9746-0004-5.

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14. Maruzalar tuplami Ozb JTI 1996.

15. Naiminova E “Physical Education” Rostov-on-Don 2003

16. Nikolic A., Paranosich In “Basketball Selection” Moscow.

17. Pavlov Sh., Abdurakhmanov F, Akramov J. “Handball” Toshkent 2005.

18. Rules of handball competitions Tashkent 2002.

19. Rules of handball competitions Russia 2006.

20. Kholodov Zh.K., Kuznetsov V.S. “Theory and methodology of physical education” Moscow “Academy” 2002.

texnika_itaktika_gandola.doc

Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan

National University of Uzbekistan

named after Mirzo Ulugbek

V.I.Izaak, T.E.Nabiev

HANDBALL TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS

Tashkent

"University"

2008
Preface
One of the most important components of the handball structure is technical and tactical preparation. The success of a team’s performance in competitions largely depends on its level of development.

This monograph makes an attempt to present in an accessible form the main provisions related to training and improving the technique and tactics of playing handball. The main task that was set was not only to specifically present the educational material, but also to convey logically, accessiblely and in the appropriate sequence the experience accumulated by the authors over many years of working with teams of handball masters.

The first and third chapters present schematic diagrams for the classification of techniques and tactics of the game, which make it possible to bring into a certain system the whole variety of technical and tactical techniques. This, on the one hand, determines the most rational ways to analyze them, and on the other, makes it possible to unify methodological approaches to teaching individual groups of techniques.

The third and fourth chapters are structured similarly to the previous two. They detail individual, group and team tactical actions. Particular attention is paid to the technique of ball handling techniques, a large number of teaching and training exercises are proposed, factors influencing the characteristics of performing techniques in various game conditions are indicated, in addition, various types of attacks are analyzed, their individual phases are considered and specific guidelines for practical implementation are given. All combinations and interactions analyzed are illustrated in detail with diagrams.

A special place in the book is occupied by a section related to solving problems of accelerating the pace of performing individual techniques and improving their accuracy. Consistently introduced complications into training should allow you to completely complete the initial setup of the technique and move on to consolidating and improving it. At the same time, an important conclusion is made that the technical training of handball players involves the formation of motor skills in various methods of movement, as well as in ball handling techniques and martial arts techniques.

Chapter 1. TECHNOLOGY

1.1. Concepts and characteristics of technology and technical

handball skill

In the theory and methodology of sports, the term “technique technique” means: a system of movements that are similar in semantic structure and aimed at solving approximately the same game problem. The variety of conditions in which one or another technique is used stimulates the formation and improvement of a number of ways to perform each technique. The method is characterized, first of all, by the stability of the main motor structure - kinematic, dynamic and rhythmic.

Each technical technique represents a specific motor skill that has a unique biomechanical structure, determined by the corresponding kinematic and dynamic characteristics of movement (path, speed, acceleration, magnitude and direction of effort).

The handball player’s technique at each stage of the development of the game is the most effective, practice-tested means that allows the player, within the framework of the rules, to successfully act in difficult situations of struggle, attack and defense. To achieve the best results in instantly emerging and constantly changing playing positions, a handball player must master a large number of different technical techniques and methods, be able to choose the most suitable technique or combination of techniques, and perform them quickly and accurately. The criterion of highest technical mastery can be considered:

– high-quality knowledge of the optimal volume of techniques and methods for the full implementation of given game functions in combination with two or three “crown” techniques of attack and defense;

– accuracy and efficiency of performing the above techniques;

– stability of performing techniques under conditions of increased influence of such “disconcerting” factors as significant fatigue, psychological stress, difficult external conditions, etc.;

– the ability to control the phases of a technical technique depending on the specific options of the opponent’s counteraction;

– reliability of techniques, which is determined by the ability to maintain a high level of accuracy and efficiency throughout a multi-day tournament from match to match without significant negative deviations.

Modern playing techniques have developed historically: at different stages of its development, the number of techniques, methods of their implementation, evaluation criteria have changed and improved, taking into account the main components of attack and defense. The determining factors influencing the restructuring of the technical arsenal were changes in the rules of the game, as well as an increase in the level of physical and technical-tactical preparedness of the players. For example, a significant increase in the attacking potential of teams, the dynamism of game actions, the intensification of attack and defense led to a reduction in the preparatory phase and amplitude of movements when passing and throwing the ball into the goal, and an expansion of the arsenal of high-speed passes in conditions of shortage of time and space. The further development of jumping ability in players, combined with their high growth, contributed to the emergence of such a throw at the goal as a throw with translation, twist, deflection of the body in the final phase, a jump throw when receiving the ball above the goal area, and others.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion that at the present stage of development of handball, not all the possibilities of the playing technique are fully used.

Classification of equipment . From a pedagogical point of view, it is advisable to divide the large, diverse volume of technical techniques in handball into separate groups (classes) according to certain characteristics. This division of technical techniques is called classification. The classification makes it possible to clearly program the technical training of players at various stages of the annual training cycle, organizationally and methodically linking it with other sections of the training process.

Handball technique is divided into two large sections: attacking technique and defensive technique. In both sections, two groups are distinguished: in attacking technique - movement technique and ball possession technique, and in defensive technique - movement technique and technique of tackling the ball and countering. In turn, each group has techniques and methods. Almost every method of performing a technique has several varieties that reveal individual details of the unified structure of the movement. In addition, the dynamic structure of the method is certain influenced by the execution conditions, which clarify the specifics of the player’s movement, initial positions, directions and distances.

A schematic diagram of the classification of playing techniques with the specific example below may look like this:

technique section – attack technique;

technique group – ball handling technique;

reception - throwing the ball into the goal;

method - with a straight hand from above in a jump;

variation - from the supporting position with transfer to the far corner;

conditions for execution - in a jump, after playing with a deviation of the body.

This classification allows us to bring into a specific system the whole variety of technical techniques. Which, on the one hand, determines the most rational ways to analyze them, and on the other, makes it possible to unify methodological approaches to

training specific groups of technical techniques (Fig. 1.1.).

technique

games

technique

attacks

sections

technique

protection

movement technique

ball handling technique

groups

movement technique

countermeasures technique

run

jumping

turns

stops

catching

transfers

throws

conducting

rack

run

jumping

stops

tying

interceptions

blocking

knocking out

TECHNIQUE

options for techniques, conditions for implementation

Rice. 1.1. Classification of playing techniques

The implementation of technical techniques and their detailed analysis is based on a system-structural approach. This means that the method of performing various technical techniques is considered as a system of movements in which their individual components can always be isolated. In turn, the elements are combined into larger subsystems. Consideration of such subsystems in time is carried out using the so-called phase analysis, and a distinction is made between preparatory, main (or working) and final (or final) phases. Phase analysis is of great practical importance; it allows you to actually determine the range of stability and variability of phases, the nature of their relationship, and on this basis develop or refine methodological techniques for improving the management of a technical arsenal.

When studying the question of what parts the methods of performing certain techniques consist of, clarifying their motor composition, it is no less important to determine how they are combined and how they interact in organizational structure. Kinematic structure method reveals the form and nature of movements using spatial, temporal, spatiotemporal indicators. The characteristics of quantities, moments of forces, moments of inertia, interaction of forces and reactions determine the dynamic structure of the method. In some cases, it may be of interest to consider rhythmic structure, showing when, how and where forceful accents are applied in time.

Analysis of the kinematic structure of methods for performing technical techniques in attack involves obtaining an answer to such questions as: working movements are carried out with one or two hands, the level of these movements in relation to parts of the athlete’s body (from below, at the level of the chest, shoulder, head, from above) and relation to the body axis (sideways, straight, with deviation).

In practical terms, it is important to clarify the dynamic structure of the player’s position at the moment of performing the technique (in place or in motion, in a supporting position or unsupported). In addition, they take into account what inertial forces acted on the player, what are the directions and speed of movement of the partner or opponent, what distance must be covered. In conclusion, the relationship between the motor composition of the technique and its semantic structure is determined, from the point of view of the rationality and effectiveness of its use in certain tactical systems and situations.

The player's technical techniques and movements require their analysis according to a simplified scheme.
,

1.2. Technique of movement in attack
The high efficiency of a handball player’s competitive activity largely depends on the efficiency of his movement technique. To move around the site, the player uses walking, running, jumping, and stopping. High-quality execution of these techniques allows the attacker to break away from the defender guarding him and reach a convenient position for receiving the ball and performing other techniques. In addition, the effectiveness of many technical techniques with the ball depends on the correct work of the legs when moving and on maintaining balance: passes while moving and jumping, dribbling and dribbling, jumping shots, etc.

Run. The main means of movement in handball is running. It should be noted that the running of a handball player is significantly different from the running of representatives of cyclic sports. The player must be able to perform accelerations within the court from a variety of starting positions in any direction, face or backwards, and quickly change the direction and speed of running. Distinctive feature running in a straight line is that the contact of the foot with the platform should be carried out by rolling from heel to toe or softly placing the foot on the full foot. This promotes the natural bending of the legs that is characteristic of all movements of a handball player. After pushing off, the leg is strongly bent at the knee joint and carried forward with the hip raised. It should be remembered that when performing various types of movements, the arms should be in a relatively relaxed position and move freely to the rhythm of running. Starting acceleration or an increase in running speed that is unexpected for the enemy is called in sports games jerk . Obviously, the jerk is the best way to change the direction of movement and get into an open space. The technique of performing a jerk involves: the first 3-4 steps are made short and very sharp (shock), with the foot planted on the toe. At this time, the torso is tilted forward, and the arms, bent at right angles, move energetically in time with the steps. After a pause, the running speed increases due to the lengthening of the stride and frequency of steps. At this moment the player must be ready to receive the ball.

When teaching running techniques, the following sequence can be recommended: first, running facing forward is learned, then with side steps, forward and backwards. An understanding of running technique is achieved through demonstration and brief explanation. Particular attention is paid to the degree of bending of the legs and placing the foot on the support.

When performing running exercises, it is necessary to pay attention to the noiselessness of the run, its softness and freedom, the correct push-off from the platform, which determines the speed of movement and change in direction of movement.

Jumping. During gaming activities, jumping is used as independent techniques and is an integral part of other technical techniques. Most often, second-line attacking players (mid-middle and center) use upward jumps, upward long jumps, and a series of jumps. In the game of forwards of the first line of attack (wingers and linemen), a large place is occupied by jumping over the goal area with a deflection of the body and a fall in the final phase of the throw. In both cases, two methods of performing a jump are used: a push with two legs and a push with one leg.

Jump with one leg push performed in one step or two or three steps. In any case, repulsion is carried out in such a way as to make maximum use of the inertial forces of the run-up, while the last step of the run-up before repulsion should be slightly wider than the previous ones. The pushing leg, slightly bent at the knee joint, is sent forward and elastically placed for the push by rolling from heel to toe: the handball player seems to squat a little. The other leg makes an active swing forward and upward, and at the moment the body passes the general center of gravity (GCT) above the support, it bends at the hip and knee joints. After takeoff, when the handball player's body reaches its highest point, the swing leg extends and joins the pushing leg.

When performing a number of technical techniques with the ball in an unsupported position, the player’s ability to jump to a sufficient height without the active participation of his hands, quickly and in a timely manner is considered very important. Landing in any type of jump should be soft, without loss of balance, which is achieved by shock-absorbing bending of slightly spaced legs. Such a landing allows you to immediately begin performing the necessary actions.

The two-legged push jump is used most often by offensive linemen. After receiving the ball, the player squats slightly, brings his arms slightly closer to his body and raises his head. The push-off is carried out by powerful extension of the legs, energetic movement of the torso and arms in the forward-upward direction. Different directions of the jump (up-forward, up-back or to the side) are achieved by pushing off and moving the center of gravity of the body in the desired direction. In this case, in the last step of the run, one leg is sent forward, and the other is quickly moved towards it. The push-off is carried out simultaneously with both legs vertically upward. All these movements must be performed quickly, seamlessly, without delays in the repulsion phase.

In the process of mastering the technique of jumping, it is necessary to teach the correct take-off (in the desired directions), take-off height, coordination of movements in an unsupported position and correct landing. At the beginning, jumping from a place is studied, and then in movement with a push with one and two legs. As they are mastered, jumps are improved with the help of the same exercises and techniques, of which they are an organic part.

Turns. During the game, turns are most often used by offensive linemen to free themselves from the guard of a defender when attacking the goal. They differ in direction, step of the leg performing the turn and movement of the body.

By doing turning on the spot the player transfers the central gravity to one leg, which is like an axis of rotation. The legs are bent slightly more than usual. To maintain balance, the torso is tilted forward. The supporting leg is on the toe, which does not move during turns, but only turns towards the step with the other leg. The hands can take different positions, which are determined by the task of performing certain movements with or without the ball.

Carrying out turn in motion , the player approaches the opponent and places the foot of the supporting leg turned in the direction of the intended turn. Then, without any delay, he turns in the direction of movement on the front leg.

Stops. In sports practice and in accordance with the game situation, the handball player uses sharp, sudden stops, which, in combination with jerks and changes in the direction of running, make it possible to free himself for some time from the enemy’s guardianship and enter free space for further attacking actions.

The stop is most often performed in two steps, while the player tries not to disturb the rhythm of running. Stopping begins with an energetic push off with one leg. During flight, the fly leg is ahead of the body and lands first (first step). After the swing leg touches the surface of the platform with the pushing leg, the second step (landing) is carried out, and the stop is completed.

The inertia of running is extinguished by bending the legs, slightly turning and deflecting the body towards the supporting leg. The two-step stop is the basis of the two-step rhythm. It serves as a good preparatory exercise for catching the ball in motion, then stopping and dribbling away with the ball in the opposite direction.

Stopping is studied in parallel with running: first, the method of stopping is by walking, then by jumping. It is important to teach from the very beginning in such a way that the width of the step does not change and the running speed does not slow down before stopping, and the first step of the stop is wide. In addition, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the bending of the supporting leg, ensuring the cessation of forward movement and the correct placement of the feet.
1.3. Ball handling technique
The ball handling technique includes the following techniques: catching, passing, dribbling and throwing the ball into the goal.

Catching the ball - This is a technique that allows a player to take possession of the ball in order to perform further attacking actions. It can also be noted that the speed of orientation and complex reactions is of particular importance for the high-quality performance of the technique. Catching the ball is the starting position for subsequent passes, dribbles or throws, so the structure of the movements should ensure clear and convenient execution of subsequent techniques. Even before receiving the ball, the player must determine what position the partners are in and who benefits from passing the ball. This is possible with good development of peripheral vision: central vision should be directed towards the ball. The handball player must remember that he cannot receive the ball in a static position; he must always go out to meet it. It is necessary to take a stable position after catching, bend your knees when receiving the ball, and land softly with it after jumping. The choice of a particular method of catching by a handball player depends on various factors: the height of the ball, the position of the player in relation to the flying ball, the dynamics of the player’s movement and the speed of the ball. The classification of fishing methods and their varieties is shown in Figure 1.2.

Catching the ball with both hands. The simplest and at the same time reliable way to master the ball is to catch the ball with both hands.

When the ball flies towards the player at chest level, you should extend your arms in the direction of the expected pass. Spread and relaxed fingers form the shape of a possible grip on the ball.

catching the ball

with both hands

one hand

"high"

at chest level

"low"

present

from low rebound

"high"

at chest level

"low"

present

from low rebound

by nature of movement

by flight speed

in the direction of flight

on site

in move

in a jump

fast

average

slow

in oncoming traffic

in forward motion

when moving from the side

Rice. 1.2. Classification of ball catching techniques

The fingers are located symmetrically. The thumbs are close on the same line and directed upward, to the sides, the rest with their terminal phalanges facing forward and upward. The ball should touch the surface of the fingers that grip it. The inertia of the ball is extinguished sequentially by all parts of the arms: first, the hands are retracted back, then the arms are bent at the elbow joints. When a player catches a high-flying ball, he needs to straighten his arms up, up-forward or up-to-side. Catching a low-flying ball is also carried out with straight arms, which are lowered down. After the player receives the ball, the torso is moved slightly forward, the ball, protected from the opponent by a slight spread of the torso and elbows, is brought into a position of readiness for subsequent actions.

When catching, special attention should be paid to shock-absorbing movements while jerking towards a fast-flying ball. If the ball flies slightly below chest level, then in this case the player squats deeper than usual, thereby reducing the height of the shoulders to the level of the ball's flight.

When fighting for a ball falling onto the court, you should not wait until it bounces off the court to a height convenient for catching. You need to move towards the ball and catch it initial moment of rebound, getting closer to the place where the ball fell. The player lunges towards the ball, tilts his body quickly forward over his leg, lowers his arms forward and down, and brings his hands to the ball from the outside, and not from above. Having grabbed the ball, the player immediately straightens up and pulls the ball towards him.

When catching the ball in motion with the intention of immediately performing a pass or throw into the goal, the so-called two-step technique. If a player wants to immediately make a pass or throw on the run after catching it, then he must catch the ball, slightly jumping on it at the moment when the push with his left foot has already been made and his right foot has been brought forward. This is followed by a push with the right foot (first step), a push with the left (second step) and a pass or throw with the right hand in a jump.

Catching the ball with one hand. During gaming activities, situations often arise when a player is forced to catch the ball with one hand. In this case, the process of mastering the ball includes three phases.

Preparatory phase: the player extends his arm in such a way as to cross the flight path of the ball (the hand and fingers are not tense).

Main phase: as soon as the ball touches the fingers, the hand must be moved back and down, as if continuing the flight of the ball (cushioning movement). This movement is aided by a slight rotation of the torso towards the catching hand.

Final phase: the ball must be supported with one hand, then firmly grasped with both hands so that you are ready to immediately act further.

For quick actions, immediately after catching, catching with one hand without supporting the ball is used. Here the cushioning motion is used as a swing without a follow-up transfer.

It should be remembered that it is more advisable to catch a rolling ball with one hand with support, but bending your legs more and tilting your torso towards the ball.

A high-flying ball is caught with one hand while jumping with a slight bend in the body, quickly lowering the ball, supporting it with the other hand and pulling it towards the body. Having caught the ball, the player immediately takes a position of balance, with his elbows spread, protecting the ball from the opponent’s attempts to knock it out.

When starting to learn how to catch a ball, it is necessary to require students to take the correct starting position to perform the technique, focus on the flight of the ball and perform a shock-absorbing movement while catching.

In the very first exercises, students master the skills of placing their hands on the ball. To facilitate the player’s task, catching the ball is carried out with passes performed with a small trajectory.

Criteria for efficiency when catching the ball. The player catching the ball must:

concentrate your attention as much as possible when receiving the ball;
pick up the ball with your fingertips;
when catching a low ball, point your fingers down and your palms out; when catching a high ball, point your fingers up and your palms out;
movement of the arms and hands to soften the reception of the ball;
always move towards the pass, with the exception of some cases when making a fast break;
be ready to cover the ball with movement of the elbows and torso as soon as the player gains control of it.

Common mistakes when receiving the ball:

loss of control when catching the ball;
when receiving the ball, excessive tension in the fingers and hand and, as a result, lack of shock-absorbing movement;
after catching the ball, the arms do not bend at the elbow joints;
catching the ball is done with the palms, not the fingertips;
the rule of counter movement when receiving the ball is not observed.

Passing the ball. An important technique in the game is passing the ball; with its help, the player has the opportunity to direct the ball to a partner to continue the attack.

The ability to pass the ball accurately and in a timely manner is the basis for clear, purposeful communication in the game. There are many different ways to pass the ball. They are used depending on a particular game situation, the distance to which the ball needs to be sent, the location or direction of movement of the partner, the nature and methods of countering the opponents. The classification of ball passes is shown in Figure 1.3.

When analyzing passing technique, it should be remembered that its high level largely depends on such important abilities as: peripheral vision, speed of hand movements, accurate calculation and tactical thinking.

The speed and accuracy of passing passes largely depend on the correct, energetic work of the hands and fingers in the main phase of the reception, therefore, special attention should be paid to these details when planning training work to improve passing technique. It should be remembered that the partner receiving the ball must be seen, but not looked directly at him. When passing, it is necessary to observe such an important methodological rule as maintaining balance, because the direction of the intended pass may be blocked by the opponent, and therefore the attacker may make a “jog” or allow

broadcast

ball

above

from the head

from the shoulder

from the side

from below

with rebound

by player movement

by distance

in the direction of movement of the partner

from place

in move

in a jump

distant

average

neighbors

counter

progressive

on the same level

accompanying

Rice. 1.3. Classification of ball passing techniques

interception of the ball. In this case, a well-designed pass can be intercepted by a defender. There is no doubt that part of the blame can be attributed to the partner receiving the ball, but the main responsibility for losing the ball always lies with the passer.

One-handed shoulder pass. Can be performed at various distances, from any position on the court with minimal swing time and good ball control. Additional movement of the hand at the moment the ball is released allows the player to change the direction and trajectory of the ball over a wide range.

Preparatory phase: the player carries the ball over his right shoulder. The hand is behind the ball, slightly outside, with the fingers pointing up and the palm facing the target. The left hand is located on the front surface of the ball and helps guide the ball to the desired position.

Main phase: the passing player transfers his body weight to the back foot and releases the ball with a step forward with a quick movement of the elbow, hand and fingers. In this case, the left hand leaves the ball and moves at shoulder level in the direction of the pass.

Final phase: when releasing the ball, the body weight moves to the front leg, and the accompaniment ends with inward and downward rotation of the forearm and straightened hand with the thumb pointing down. The torso rotates around the leg in front so that the passing player ends the movement facing the partner receiving the ball. The toes are positioned in the direction of the transmission.

One-handed underhand pass performed at close and medium distance in situations where the opponent is trying hard to intercept an overhead pass. The ball is directed to a partner under the opponent's arm.

Preparatory phase: The straight or slightly bent hand with the ball is swung back, the ball lies on the palm, held by the fingers and centrifugal force.

Main phase: the hand with the ball along the hip is carried forward and upward. To release the ball, the hand opens and the fingers push the ball out. The height of the flight path depends on the timing of the opening movement of the hand and fingers. Often this pass is performed with a step from the left foot.

One-handed side pass similar to a one-handed underhand pass. Allows you to direct the ball to your partner at close and medium distances, bypassing the opponent on the right or left side.

Preparatory phase: The swing is carried out by moving the hand with the ball to the side and back and turning the body accordingly.

Main phase: the hand with the ball makes a forward swing movement in a plane parallel to the court. The direction of the ball's flight also depends on the opening movement of the hand and fingers.

Passing with one hand behind your back It is used only at a short distance when partners interact when performing attacking actions during cross movement.

The player can turn his head slightly or use his peripheral vision to see the teammate receiving the pass. Holding the ball with the hand bent at a right angle to the forearm, the player carries the ball behind his back and releases it with a throwing motion of the hand back: the fingers are turned towards the partner receiving the pass, the player turns on his right foot (when passing with his right hand) in the direction opposite to the direction of the pass .

One-handed pass with a bounce. This method of passing is most often used in the interaction between players of the second line of attack (mid-middle and center) and wingers or line forwards. The ball hits the floor near the feet and under the outstretched arms of the opponent so that he cannot block or interrupt the pass. When bouncing off the floor, the ball can travel faster if the player gives it a spin with his thumbs as he releases it.

This gear is the slowest of all gears and should only be used if you are confident of success. When performing a pass, it is advisable to use a feint to throw or pass. The fake move will cause the defender to reach up, making the pass more reliable.

Push transmission performed after a feint to pass or throw. Used to supply balls to a lineman or wing player. This pass is also used when it is necessary to overcome the resistance of a defender who is preventing the pass from being completed. It can be performed with or without a bounce and is essentially similar to a one-handed overhand pass, except that one hand only helps control the ball. As soon as the defender reacts to the feint, the ball is released in the opposite direction with a full extension of the arm and a short movement of the hand and fingers with a step towards the pass. Accompaniment is performed only with the hand and forearm parallel to the floor for a direct pass and slightly inclined towards the target for a bounce pass.

In addition to the methods of passing the ball described above, in difficult conditions of active opposition from opponents, handball players use “hidden” passes, which allow them to disguise their true direction. "Hidden" These passes are called because the basic movements associated with releasing the ball in the desired direction are partially hidden from the eyes of the guarding opponent and are to some extent unexpected for him. All this makes it difficult for the opponent to intercept the ball. Most often, three types of “hidden” transmissions are used in practice: passes at hand, passes behind your back And over-the-shoulder passes.“Hidden” passes are characterized by a relatively short swing, requiring a minimum of time, and a powerful finishing movement of the hand and fingers. When performing a pass, the hand with the ball moves crosswise under the free hand towards the partner receiving the ball. The main movements in a behind-the-back pass are a swing of the slightly bent arm backwards behind the back, followed by a sweeping (with rotation) movement of the hand. When passing over the shoulder, the player with the ball, palm up, sharply bends the forearm and hand over the same or opposite shoulder and sends the ball to the outgoing partner.

It should be remembered that the attacker, when making passes, must:

master the correct technique of all kinds of gears;
skillfully choose the right method of transmission in each specific situation;
choose the transmission method and speed in relation to a specific situation;
determine the location of the partner receiving the ball;
pass the ball quickly and accurately with a minimum of effort so as not to give away the intent of the pass to the opponent;
use feints before making passes;
perform passes with both one and the other hand;
do not look directly at the receiver of the transmission, but follow him with peripheral vision;
bring the receiver of the pass to the ball so that he catches the ball at chest level and in motion.

Criteria for transmission efficiency. The passer must:

master the rational technique of all kinds of gears;
skillfully choose the optimal method of transmission in each specific situation;
correctly determine the location of the partner receiving the ball;
do not strive to perform overly complex passes;
pass the ball quickly and accurately with a minimum of effort so as not to give away the intent of the pass to the opponent;
use feints before making a pass;
perform passes with both one and the other hand;
control the ball before passing, but strive to catch and pass the ball in one movement;
do not look at your partner when performing a pass, but use peripheral vision;
use a bounce pass only when necessary;
pass to a partner so that he receives the ball in motion and at chest level;
pass the ball to a partner in a direction free from guarding.